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Science & Technology in India

  1. Policy Development of S&T in India
    • Role of S&T in the Developing World
    • S&T Policy in India
  2. The S&T Policy Resolution in 1958
  3. S&T Policy of the 1983
  4. S&T Policy of the 2003
  5. S&T Policy 2013
    • • Science and technology as a source of Human Resource Development
    • • Awards related to Science
      • New Initiatives Aligned with the National Agenda
      • India and World collaboration in science projects
      • Technology Vision Document 2035
      • National Biotechnology Development Strategy 2015-2020
      • National Intellectual Property Rights Policy
      • Organ donation rules in India
      • Policy on Synthetic Biology.
  • 2. Different Organization Institution and Various Department for the S&T
  • • List of Various Centre Institutions and Bureaus
  • • Ministries and Department for science and Technology
  • • Institutional structure
  • • Department of Science & Technology
  • • CSIR
  • • Survey of India
  • • Science and Engineering Research Council
  • • Technology Development Board
  • • National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories
SPACE

1. Space Research Programme, Orbits and Launch
• Space Technology
• Indian Space research Programme
• ISRO and ANTRIX
• Orbits Type
• Satellite Launching Systems
• Terminologies Related to the Space Science

2. Satellites, Launch Vehicles and India Satellite Programmes
• Earth Observation Systems
• Satellite Communication in India
• Remote sensing applications – IRS Sytems
• INSAT Satellite Application
• GSAT Satellite Application
• Launch vehicle Technology
• GSLV and Various Engine
• Recent National and International Space Missions

3. Cryogenic rockets
• Global Positioning System
• Galileo
• GLONASS
• IRNSS
• GAGAN

4. Chandrayaan – I & II
5. Mars Orbitor Mission
• Space Organisations
• Space race/Space junk

6. Recent updates
• South Asia Satellite: Significance
• Neutrino Observatory
• Solar Mission- ADITYA
• Gravitational Waves

7. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
• Spitzer Space Telescope
• Chandra X-Ray Observatory
• Multi Application Solar Telescope
• Thirty Metre Telescope
• Resourcesat-2A
• Astrosat
• Sunspot
• Magnetars
• Neutron stars
• Air-breathing propulsion system
• Space Junk
• Graveyard Orbit
• Super cluster of galaxies known as “Saraswati”.
• NASA: Asteroid impact and deflection assessment mission.
• Commercial use of Lithium-Ion battery technology
• Hyperspectral imaging satellite
• Water propulsion system in CUBESAT
• Saturn-cassini Mission
• OSIRIS-Rex passed by earth to reach asteroid Bennu
• Hackathon # Open Gov Data Hack
• Google Lunar X Prize Competition
• NASA-ISRO synthetic aperture radar satellite (NISAR)
• GSAT-17 heaviest communication satellite of ISRO
• Astrosat, Chandra and Hubble Jointly detect massive cosmic explosion
• Scientists create fi rst global map of water on moon
• World’s largest aircraft “Strato launch”
• MOM complete 3 years in orbit
• Solar mission Aditya L-1 in 2019
• Gravitational waves news
• Radio galaxies
• Indigenously developed S-Band Doppler weather radar
• Kelvin waves
• ISRO made satellite based chip system
• TDRS-M NASA
• Neutrino Observatory

8. Indian Space Vision-2025
• ‘NIRBHAY’ sub sonic cruise missile
• Brahmos
• INS Koltar
• INS Kiltan
• NAG missile
• Hydrogen bomb
• Vikram OPV
• Integrated Quarter Master Package
• INS Kalvari
• Prithvi II
• Air Independent Propulsion
• Rukmini

IT & Communication

1. Different Regulatory Bodies in India for ICT
• Ministry of Communication and information Technology
• Initiatives in 12th5 year plan
• Major Policy Initiatives National Optical Fibre network
• Spectrum Management
• Government initiatives
• Cyber Law

2. Computer Terminology and Fundamental
• History of Computers
• Types of Computer

• Component of Computer system
• Computer Languages
• Generation of computers

•Computer terminologies
• Supercomputer and its applications
• Display technologies
• Cathode ray
• LCD
• LED
• Plasma Monitors
• OLED

3. Mobile Generations and Technology
• Definition and Impact of ICT on Society
• Evolution of Telecommunication
• Media Transmission technology
• Wireless , Optical Fibres, VSAT SIM IMEI 3G 4 G VolTE Wi Max
• Mobile generations
• Smartphone
• Important concepts

• Internet, Types of Network and e- Governance
• Internet
• WWW
• IP
• URL
• HTTP
•Computer Security Tools: firewalls, hackers
• Global Internet Governance e
• Internet of things
• Internet Protocol
• VPN
• Networking : Bluetooth , WiFi Hot Spot
• National E Governance Plan

• Recent Developments
• Government initiatives
• Digital India Initiative
• MeghRaj
• Code Free for India
• E-Kranti
• Bharat Net project
• Bharat QR
• Contemporary debates
• Net Nuetrality
• Internet of Things
• Big Data Initiative and Privacy
• Cyber crime and security

• Spectrum Policy, Broad Band Policy
• Spectrum Policy in India
• Spectrum
• Mobile Spectrum
• Broadband Policy in India
• Cloud Computing
• Big Data
• Encryption
• Biometrics
• Virtual Reality
• Digital India
• QR Codes

• Recent Developments in IT & Telecom
• Quantum computing
• Project brainwave
• Sagar Vani System
• Locky Ransomware, Petya, WannaCry
• Hindi word for computer i.e., “SANGANAK”
• India’s first technology and innovation support centre (TISC)
• Net neutrality
• National cyber coordination center
• Hortinet
• Digital Transaction Methodologies
• Block chain Technology
• Bitcoins
• Cyber Swachhta Kendra
• Digital Transaction Methodologies
• Bharat Net Project
• Wi-Fi Technology
• Digital Terrestrial Television Transmission System
• Internet of Things

Materials, Nano Technology & ROBOTICS

• Superconductivity Laser, Artificial Intelligence
• History Classification and Properties of Superconductors
• Application of Superconductors
• Types and Applications of LASERS
• Artificial Intelligence and Application
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence

• Superconductivity Laser, Artificial Intelligence
• What is Robotics?
• Robotics Terminologies
• Laws of Robotics
• Robotics in India
• Machine vs Computer vs Robots

• Parts of a Robot
• Controller
• Manipulator
• End Effector
• Sensor

• Classification of Robots
• Rolling Robots
• Walking Robots
• Autonomous Robots

• Artificial Intelligence
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Robot

•Applications of Robotics
• Industrial Sector
• Aerospace
• Healthcare Delivery
• Outer Space
• Exploration
• Military Robots
• Disaster Areas
• Entertainment
• Agriculture
• Domestic work
• Nano Technology

•What is Nanoscience and Nanotechnology?
• Origination of Nanoscience and Technology
• Basics of Nanoscience
• Nanomaterials

• Applications of nanotechnology
• Nano medicine
• Semiconductors and computing
• Food
• Textiles
• Sustainable energy
• Environment
• Transport
• Space
• Carbon Nanotube
• Graphene
• Quantum Dots
• Nano Bots
• Agriculture

• Adverse Health and Environmental Impacts of Nanotechnology
• Social and Ethical Impacts:
• Nano-science and Nano-technology in India

DEFENCE

• Defence Technology
• Organisations

• Missile system and classification
• On the basis of type
• On the basis of launch vehicle
• On the basis of Range
• On the basis of propulsion system

• Ballistic vs Cruise Missile
• IGMDP Intergrated Guided Missile Development Programme
• PrithviTrishul Nag Akash AGNI
• Shaurya Missile
• ASTRA Missile
• Dhanush
• Prahaar

• Brahmos Missile System
• Anti-Ballistic Missile System
• Frigates Destroyers and Aircraft Carriers
• AWACS

• Light Combat Aircraft
• Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
• Stealth technology
• Chemical Weapon
• Biological Weapon

• Submarines
• Indian Submarines and Naval Ships
• Commissioned Submarines
• Project 75
• INS Astradharini

Nuclear Technology

• Nuclear Energy and Nuclear Fuels
• Types of nuclear reactions
• Nuclear Fusion
• Nuclear Fission
• Nuclear Fuel – Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3
• Nuclear Programme in India
• N-Power Policy of India
• Advantages of Nuclear Energy
• Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy

  • Institutions involved in Nuclear energy Development, AERB
  • Safety standards in Nuclear Power plants
  • India’s 3 stage Civil Nuclear Programme
  • Nuclear Reactors in India
  • Kudankulam Project
  • Jaitapur Plant
    • Organisation Institutions
  • Department of Atomic Energy
  • BHABHA
    • Radioactivity
  • Radiation and Radioactivity
  • Radiation Technologies and Applications
  • Radioactive Waste and Nuclear Waster Management
  • Nuclear & Radiological Disasters

IPR and Other Miscellaneous Issues

  • IPR Intellectual Property Rights
  • Copyrights
  • Trademarks
  • Patents
  • Industrial Design
  • Trades Secrets
  • IPR and Agriculture

Biotechnology

  • Biotechnology in India
  • Department of BT
  • Various Fields of BT
  • R&D
    • Genetics and Biotechnology
  • Industrial genetics
  • Genetic engineering
  • DNA sequencing
  • Nucleic acid probes
  • Genomics and proteomics
  • Bioprocess/fermentation technology
    • Biological fuel generation
  • Global warming and the significance of fossils fuels
  • Biofuels from biomass
  • Bioethanol from biomass
  • Biodiesel
  • Methane
  • Hydrogen
    • Environmental Biotechnology
  • Microbial Ecology Environmental Biotechnology
  • Waste water and sewage treatment
  • Landfilling technologies
  • Composting
  • Bioremediation
  • Detect and monitoring of pollutants
  • Microbes and the geological environment
    • Plant and Forest biotechnology
  • Plant biotechnology
  • Forest biotechnology
    • Animal and insect biotechnology
  • Genetic manipulation and transgenic animals
  • Genetically engineered hormone and vaccines
  • Animal organs for human patients
  • Genetically modified insects
    • Food and Beverage Biotechnology
  • Food and beverage fermentations
    • Microorganisms as food, Enzymes and food processing
    • Amino acids, vitamins and sweeteners
    • Organic acids and polysaccharides
    • Public acceptance and safety of new biotechnology foods
  • Biotechnology and medicine
    • Pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals
    • Antibiotics
    • Vaccines and monoclonal antibodies
    • Biopharmaceuticals/therapeutic proteins
    • Pharmacogenetics
    • Molecular biology and human disease
    • Diagnostics in developing countries
    • Gene therapy
    • Systems biology and medicine
  • Stem cell biotechnology
    • Protection of biotechnological inventions
  • Patent protection Trade secrets
  • Plant breeders’ rights
    • Recent Development in Biotechnology
  • Achievements of Biotechnology indifferent fields
  • Genome sequencing of Ragi done for the first time in the world
  • GM mustard policy
  • DNA as storage device
  • Biomarker
  • Algae based footwear
  • Artificial Womb
  • grants gene editing license
  • GM Mosquito
  • DBT launched “Sohum” an innovative newborn hearing screening device
  • Biotech-KISAN scheme
  • India’s first biomass to ethanol plant & its commercialization
  • Digital Biopiracy
  • Genetically Modified Mosquito
  • Designer Babies’ or Three Parents Babies
  • National Biotechnology Development Strategy 2015-2020
Ancient History and Art and Culture

Pre Historic Times

  • Periodization of Indian Pre History
  • Sources of Pre History
  • Palaeolithic Or Old Stone
  • Mesolithic Or Middle Stone Age
  • Neolithic Age Or New Stone Age
  • Chalcolithic Age
  • Major Chalcolithic Cultures
  • Early Iron Age
  • Geographical Distribution and Characteristics

Indus Valley Civilization

  • IVC Geography and Archaeological Findings
  • Major cities
  • Town Planning
    • IVC Society and Culture
  • Script and Language
  • Crafts
  • Religions
  • Seals and Images
    • IVC Economy
  • Harappan Trade
  • Agriculture
  • Domestication of animals
  • Weights and Measures
    • Decline of Harappan Culture

Rig Vedic Period

  • Sources for Reconstructing Vedic Society and Culture
  • Geography of the Rig Vedic Period – Area of Settlement
  • Political Organisation and Evolution of Monarchy
  • Social Organization
  • Economy
  • Religious Practices and Culture

Later Vedic Period

  • Geography of the later Vedic Phases – Area of Settlement
  • Political System
  • Social Organisation and Varna System
  • Economy
  • Religious Practices and Culture

Jainism

  • Birth and Life of Mahavira (540- 468 B.C.)
  • Teachings of Mahavira
  • Organisation and Sects of Jainism
  • Literature of Jainism
  • Councils, Spread and Royal Patrons

Buddhism

  • Birth and Life of Buddha (563-483 BC)
  • Teachings of Buddha
  • Organisation and Sects of Buddhism
  • Literature of Buddhism
  • Councils, Spread of and Royal Patronage
  • Causes for the Decline

Mahajanapadas Period

  • Republics and Monarchies
  • 16 Mahajanapadas
  • Magadha
  • Key Dynasties
  • Haryanka dynasty
  • Shishunaga Dynasty
  • Nanda Dynasty
    • Persian Invasions
    • Alexander’s Invasion
    • Society and Rise of urban centres
    • Economy
    • System of Administration

Mauryan Empire

  • Sources: Inscriptions and Sites and
    Literary Sources (The Arthasastra)
  • Rulers and Political History of the Mauryas
  • Chandragupta and Bindusara
  • Megasthenes
  • Asoka and His Successors
    • Asoka’s Inscriptions and Sites
    • Asokan Reign
    • Asoka and Buddhism
    • Asoka Policy of Dhamma
    • Mauryan Administration
    • Foreign Relations
    • Decline of the Mauryas

Post-Mauryan India

  • Society: Evolution of Jatis
  • Satavahanas
  • Sungas and Kanvas
  • Sakas
  • Kushanas
  • Kanishka

Gupta Period

  • Sources of Gupta Rule
  • Rulers and Political history of Guptas Chronology
  • Foreign Travellers Visit – Fahien’s Visit
  • Gupta Administration
  • Other Important Dynasties
  • Society Religion and Culture
  • Urban centres in Gupta period
  • Economy
  • Science and Technology
  • Literature
  • Later Guptas
  • Other Important Dynasties

Harshavardhana Period

  • Harsha Military Conquests
  • Harsha and Buddhism
  • Administration
  • Society and Culture
  • Economy

Sangam Period (South Indian Dynasties)

  • Sangam Literature
  • South Indian Dynasties
  • Cholas
  • Cheras
  • Pandyas
    • Sangam Polity, Society and Culture
    • Economy of Sangam Period
    • Foreign Dynasties                                   
    • Commercial Contacts with the Outside World
    • Schools of Art
Indian  Art  and Culture Visual Arts
  • Architecture
  • Harappan Period
  • Mauryan Architecture
  • Post-Mauryan Period
  • Gupta Period
  • Temples of Khajuraho
  • Temples of Odisha
  • Temples of Gwalior
  • Temples of Gujarat
  • Temples of Rajasthan
  • Temples of Bengal
  • Temples of Assam
  • Temples of Himachal Pradesh
  • Temples of Jammu and Kashmir
  • Pallava Period Temples
  • Chola Period Temples
  • Pandya Temples
  • Vijaynagar Period Temples
  • NayakaTemples
  • Temples of Kerala
  • Rashtrakuta Period Temples
  • Schools of Temple Architecture
    • Nagara Style
    • Vesara Style
    • Hoysala Style
    • Dravidian Style
  • Indo-Islamic Architecture
    • Imperial Style (Delhi Sultanate)
    • Provincial Style
    • Mughal Style
    • Sikh Style of Architecture
    • Avadh (Oudh) Style
    • Rajput Architecture
    • Jaina Art
  • Modern Architecture
    • European Influence
  • Portuguese
  • Danish
  • British
    • Indo-Saracenic Architecture
    • Post-Independence Period
  • Sculptures
    • Sculptures of Harappan Civilisation
    • Sculptures of Mauryan Age
    • Post-Mauryan Period
    • Jain Sculptures
    • Buddhist Sculpture
    • Gupta Sculpture
    • Medieval School of Sculpture
    • Modern Indian Sculpture
  • Paintings
    • Cave Paintings
    • Tradition of Mural Paintings in India
    • Tradition of Miniature Paintings in India
    • Paintings in the Deccan
    • Rajput School of Painting
    • Pahari School of Painting
    • Miniature Painting in South India
    • Regional Paintings
    • Modern Paintings
    • Contemporary Paintings
  • Pottery Tradition
    • Ochre: Coloured Pottery(OCP)
    • Black and Red Ware (BRW)
    • Painted Grey Ware (PGW)
    • Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW)
    • Glazed and Unglazed Pottery
  • Numismatics
  •  
  • Coinage

 

Performing Arts
  • Music in India
  • Classical Indian Music
    • Hindustani Music
  • Gharanas
    • Carnatic Music
  • Main Pillars of Indian Music
  • Forms of Indian Music
  • Musical Instruments
  • Institutions Related to Music in India
  • Folk Music
    • Dances in India
  • Concept of Dance in India
  • Concept of Ashta Nayika
  • Rasa and Bhava
  • Eight Classical Dance Forms in India
  • Folk Dances
  • Modern Dances
    • Sports in India
  • Various Type of Sports
  • Genesis of Martial Arts
  • Forms of Traditional Martial Arts
  • Animal Sports
    • Indian Theatre
  • History of Theatre in India
  • Classical Sanskrit Theatre
  • Traditional Theatre
  • Regional Theatre
  • Modern Theatre in India
  • Renaissance of Indian Theatre
  • Cinema in India
    • History of Indian Cinema
    • Classification of Indian Cinema Film
  • Indian Puppetry
  • String Puppets
  • Shadow Puppets
  • Rod Puppets
  • Glove puppets
  • Modern Puppetry
  • Tribal Puppetry
  •  
Religion, Language & Literature
  • Religions in-India
  • Pre-Vedic Religion
  • Hinduism
  • Buddhism
  • Jainism
  • Sikhism
  • Islam
  • Christianity
  • Zoroastrianism
  • Judaism
  • Philosophy in India
  • Bhakti Movement
  • Saints of Bhakti Movement
  • Sufism
    • Languages and Literature in India
  • Classical Language
  • Sanskrit Literature
  • Pali Literature
  • Prakrit Literature
  • Tamil Literature
  • Telugu Literature
  • Malayalam Literature
  • Kannada Literature
  • Odia Literature
  • Assamese Literature
  • Bengali Literature
  • Gujarati Literature
  • Rajasthani Literature
  • Punjabi Literature
  • Marathi Literature
  • Hindi Literature
  • Persian Literature
  • Urdu Literature

Influence/Contribution of foreign languages & Literature to India language

Miscellaneous
  • Government Cultural Institutions in India
  • UNESCO’s List of Cultural Heritage in India
  • Protection and Promotion of Indian Culture and Heritage :Legal Provisions
  • Schemes and Awards
  • Awards and Honours Associated with Culture
  • International Yoga Day
  • Indian Handicrafts
    • Personalities Related to Culture
    • Places of Cultural Interest
    • The Calendar & the Eras                       
    • Science and Technology in Ancient India
    • Recent developments
  • Important Festivals
  • Kheer Bhawani festival
  • Mahapushkaram
  • Bathu kamma
  • Manipur Sangai Festival
  • Losar festival
  • Intangible Cultural Heritage under UNESCO has inscribed ´Kumbh Mela’
  • Sankalp Parva-Sankalp se Siddhi’
  • Paryatan Parv
  • Bharat Parv
  • Orange Festival Nagpur
  • Protest against Sunburn fest                 
  • 2017 Teesta Rangit Tourism Festival
  • Ganga sagarmela
  • Nabakalebar Rath Yatra
  • Chapchar Kut Festival
  • Hornbill Festival
  • Wangala Festival
  • Schemes for Cleanliness of Tourist Places
  • Swachh Bharat Swachh Smarak
  • ‘Swachh Bharat Swachh Paryatan’
  • Incredible India 2.0 Campaign
  • Schemes for Development of Cultural Heritage
  • Sanskriti App
  • Cultural Mapping of India
  • Schemes for Monument Development
  • HRIDAY
  • SWADESH DARSHAN
  • PRASAD SCHEME
  • AdarshSmarak Yojana
  • Cultural Scheme Monitoring System
  • Schemes for promotion of Culture
  • Schemes for Serious Literature and Litterateurs
  • National Mission on Monuments and Antiquities
  • National Mission on Manuscripts
  • Gandhi Heritage Sites Mission
  • Muziris Heritage Site
  • International Initiatives for Cultural Development and Recognition
  • Project Mausam
  • International Buddhist Conclave
  • World’s Heritage
  • UNESCO inscribes Yoga in the representative list of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
  • UNESCO Creative Cities Network
  • UNESCO Global Geopark
  • National Virtual Library of India
  • Jallikattu
  • Kambala
  • GI Tag
    • Definition
    • GI vs. Trademark
    • Rights under GI
    • Famous Goods
    • Latest addition
  • Rashtriya Ekta Diwas
Indian Economy

Basic Concepts

  • Macroeconomic Concepts
  • Meaning of Economics                         
  • Types of Economies
  • Sectors of an Economy                         
  • Other Sectors of Economy??
    • Microeconomic Concepts

Economic Measurements

  • National Income Concepts and Methods of Calculation
  • National Income                                     
  • Real National Income                           
  • Calculating National Income  
  • Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF)        
  • National?Organizations?Related to National Income Accounts?
  • Latest India’s National Income Estimates
  • New Series of National Statistics (Base Year 2011-12)
  • Annual Estimates of Expenditures on GDP
  • Per Capita Income
  • Purchasing Power Parity
  • Lorenz Curve                                           
  • Philip’s Curve
  • Gini Coefficient
    • Inflation
  • Concepts and Types of Inflation
  • Causes of Inflation                                
  • Effects of Inflation                                
  • Measures of Inflation
    • WPI, CPI
    • Producer Price Index
    • GDP Deflator
    • Core Inflation
  • Change in Reporting of Inflation        
  • Measures to Check Inflation??
    • Fiscal Measures
    • Administrative Measures
    • Monentary Measures             
  • Economic Growth and Development
    • Economic Growth                                   
    • Economic Development                        
    • Measurement of Economic Development   
    • Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI)          
    • Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)     
    • Different Levels of Economic Development               
    • Economy and Environment?
    • Environment? Taxes                                
  • Carbon Tax
  • Green Accounting
    • 12thFive Year Plan and Sustainability?
Money and Banking
  • Money Function and Classification
  • Money Concept
  • Measures of Money Supply in India  
  • Indian currency system
  • Broad and Narrow Money
  • Money multiplier
  • Digital Money
  • New Monetary Aggregates
  • Monetary Policy
    • Financial Market and its Instruments
  • Concept and functions of financial markets
  • Importance of money market
  • Types of capital market
  • Distinguish between capital market and money market
  • Nature and functions of a stock exchange
  • Advantages of stock exchanges
  • Limitations of stock exchanges
  • The stock exchanges in India
  • Insurance Industry – Insurance Industry and Reforms
  • Role of Financial Regulators: SEBI and IRDA
    • Banking Structure in India
  • Scheduled Commercial Banks             
  • Nationalized?Banks                                
  • Public Sector Banks?
    • State Bank of India               
  • Private Banks                                          
  • Foreign Banks                                         
  • Regional Rural Banks                            
  • Scheduled Co-operative Banks           
  • Reserve Bank of India (RBI)               
  • Methods of Credit Control                    
  • Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR)
  • Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR)
  • Repo Rate
  • Reserve Repo Rate
  • Call Rates
  • Marginal Standing Facility (MSF)
  • Bank Rate
  • Banking Sector Reforms in India
  • Differentiated Banks
    • Payment Banks
    • Small Banks
  • New banking licence
  • White Label ATM
  • Unified Payments Interface
  • Bank Board Bureau
  • Marginal Cost of Funds Based Lending Rate (MCLR)
  • Priority Sector Lending Certificates
  • Concept of Micro ATM
  • Banking Reforms
  • Basel Norms                                            
  • Banking Ombudsman                           
  • Development Financial Institutions    
  • Insurance Companies
  • Recent developments in Economic Sector
    • Government to recapitalize the PSB’s
    • RBI rule and regulation for peer to peer (P2P) lending
    • Domestic Systematically Important Banks (SIBs) of India
    • Financial Inclusion in India
    • The Concept of Bad Bank
    • Alternative Mechanism Panel for PSB consolidation
    • Employee Provident Fund of India
    • Enforcement Department In RBI
    • Gold Monetization Scheme (GMS)
    • Indian Post Payment Bank (IPPB)
    • Indian Gold Coins/Gold Bullion Scheme
Public Finance in India
  • Budgeting
  • Union Budget                                          
  • Plan and Non Plan Expenditure
  • Revenue Receipts
  • Tax Revenue Receipts
  • Non-Tax Revenue Receipts
    • Fiscal Policy
  • Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act, 2003
  • Revenue Deficit, Fiscal Deficit, Primary Deficit
  • Deficit and Surplus Budget
  • Deficit Financing
    • Centre State Distribution
  • Finance Commission (A280)
    • Tax Structure in India
  • Tax – Direct Tax, Indirect Tax
  • Methods of Taxation – Progressive,
    Regressive, Proportional
  • Value Added Tax – VAT in India
  • Goods and Services Tax – GST, GST Council
  • Service Tax
  • DTC – Direct Tax Code
Planning
  • Meaning Objectives and History
  • Meaning of Economic Planning          
  • Objectives of?Planning                           
  • Strategies of Planning
    • Harrod Domar strategy
    • Nehru Mahalonobis strategy
    • Gandhian strategy
    • LPG strategy
  • Regional and National Planning
  • Imperative and Indicative Planning
  • History of Planning in India
  • Visvesvaraya Plan, Gandhian Plan FICCI Proposal, Congress Plan Bombay Plan
  • Planning Commission and National Development Council(NDC)
  • Central Planning – 5 Year Plans, 20 Point Program, MPLADS
  • Decentralized Planning
    • Planning Institutions
  • Planning Commission                            
  • NITI Aayog                                             
  • National Development Council (NDC)
    • Five Year Plans in India
  • 12thFive Year Plan (2012-2017)
  • Alternative Scenarios During 12thPlan
  • Economic?Reforms?
Open Economy
  • Foreign Trade Concepts
  • Balance of Payments
  • Foreign Capital – FDI, FPI, FII, QFH  
  • Foreign Exchange–Exchange Rate NEER & REER, ETF
  • FERA & FEMA
  • Capital Account Convertibility in India        
  • India’s External Debt                             
  • NRI Deposits                                           
  • Trade Composition
    • Trade Policy and Agreements
  • Import Cover
  • Import/Export Controls
  • Foreign Trade policy 2015-20
  • Export Promotion                                   
  • General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
    • Exchange Rate
  • Exchange Market
  • LERMS
  • NEER
  • REER
  • ETF
    • International Organization
  • United Nations
  • Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
  • International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
  • International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)
  • International Labour Organization (ILO)
  • International Maritime Organization (IMO)
  • International Monetary Fund (IMF)
  • International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
  • United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)           
  • United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)
  • Universal Postal Union (UPU)
  • World Bank Group (WBG)
  • International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
  • International Finance Corporation (IFC)
  • International Development Association (IDA)
  • World Health Organization (WHO)
  • World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
  • World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
  • World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)
  • World Trade Organization (WTO)
  • Asian Development Bank
  • Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AII)
  • New Development Bank
  • African Development Bank
    • Trade Agreements
  • RCEP
  • TPP
  • NAFTA
  • MERCOSUR
  • Southern African Development Community (SADC)
  • ASEAN
  • SAFTA
    • Recent Developments in External Sector
  • Global foreign exchange committee
  • Price capping of medical devices in India
  • Review of the International Investment Agreement (IIA)
  • India signed the OECD multilateral convention to prevent BEPS (Base Erosion and Profit Shifting)
  • Second Exchange Traded Fund (ETF) Bharat 22
  • Double Tax Avoidance Treaty
  • Preferential Trade Agreement with Chile
  • Advance Pricing Agreement
  • National Committee on Trade Facilitation
  • E-tourist Visa
  • India’s Asylum Policy
  • Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS)
Economic Sectors
  • Poverty
  • Definition and Indices
  • Poverty in India                                      
  • Human Poverty Index (HPI)
  • Expert Groups for Estimating Poverty          
  • Inequality
    • Employment
  • Employment and Unemployment      
  • Poverty Eradication and Employment Related Related programs
    • Government Schemes and Programs
  • New Social Welfare Schemes
  • Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY)
  • Other Social Protection Programmes
  • Rural Infrastructure and Development         
  • Urban Infrastructure, Housing and Sanitation  
  • Education Schemes
  • Financial Inclusion Schemes
  • Health Schemes
  • Women Empowerment Programmes
  • Other Women Empowerment Programmes
  • Social Security
    • Committees
  • Ratan P Watal Committee on Digital Payment
  • Committee for Market Infrastructure Institution (MII)
  • J. Nayak Committee
  • Deepak Mohanty Committee Report on Medium-term Path on Financial Inclusion
  • Narasimham Committee Report on Banking Sector Reforms
  • Uday Kotak Committee on Corporate Governance
  • Nachiket Mor Committee

Environment and Ecology

Environmental Ecology
  • Origin of Life forms
  • Origin of Life forms
  • Life on earth
    • Basic Concepts of Ecology
  • Types of Ecology
  • Ecological Hierarchy
  • Scope of Ecology
  • Habitat & Ecological Niche
  • Deep vs Shallow Ecology
  • Ecological Principles
  • Ecological Community
    • Structure and Characteristics of a Community
    • Stratification
    • Ecotone
    • Ecological Dominance
    • Seasonal and Diurnal Fluctuation
    • Periodicity
    • Turnover
    • Interdependence
  • Ecological Succession
    • Types and Process of Succession
    • Climax Community
  • Range of Tolerance , Maximum Range
  • Difference between Ecology , Environment and Ecosystem
    • Ecosystem functions
  • Ecosystem Definitions
  • Functions and Properties of Ecosystem
  • The Structure/Components of Ecosystem
    • Abiotic Components
    • Biotic Components
  • Ecosystem Dynamics
    • Flow of Energy in Ecosystem
    • Trophic Levels
    • Food Chain
    • Types & Significance of Food Chain
    • Food Web
    • Models for Energy Flow
    • Ecological Productivity
    • Ecological Pyramid
  • Biomagnifications
  • Biological Control
    • Population Ecology
  • Types of species
  • Population Ecology
  • Population Growth Models
  • Methodology of Tiger census
  • Methodology of Lion Census
    • Adaptation of Species and Interactions
  • Adaptation
    • Examples of adaptation in plants
    • Examples of Adaptations in animals
  • Homeostasis
  • Interaction between Species
  • Ecotone
  • Endemic Species
  • Keystone Species
  • Indicator Species
  • Invasive Species
  • Allopatric and Sympatric Speciation
    • Terrestrial Ecosystems
  • Terrestrial ecosystem
  • Forest Ecosystem in India
  • Grasslands
  • Tundra
  • Deserts
  • Mountains
    • Aquatic Ecosystem
  • Aquatic ecosystem
  • Factors affecting the productivity of aquatic ecosystems
  • Fresh water ecosystem
  • Marine ecosystem
  • Marine Organisms
  • Plankton
  • Phytoplankton
  • Factors Affecting Phytoplankton Biodiversity
    • Importance of phytoplankton
    • Zooplankton
    • Sea-grass
    • Seaweeds
  • Human Modified Ecosystems
    • Nutrient Cycling
  • Concept of Biogeochemical Cycle
    • Parts of a Biogeochemical Cycle
    • Types of Biogeochemical Cycle
  • Carbon Cycle
    • Steps in the carbon cycle
    • Carbon cycle: Long term and Short term
    • Carbon act as Climate Buffer
    • Human Impact on the Carbon Cycle
    • Effects of high concentration of Greenhouse Gases
  • Hydrological Cycle
    • Different Steps of the Hydrologic Cycle
    • Storage
  • Nitrogen Cycle
    • Human Impact on the Nitrogen Cycle
  • Oxygen Cycle
  • Sulphur Cycle
    • Human Impact on the Sulphur Cycle
  • Phosphorus Cycle
    • Human Influence on Phosphorus Cycle

Biodiversity

  • Basics of Biodiversity
  • Biodiversity
  • Types of biodiversity
  • Patterns of biodiversity
  • Bio-geographical classification of World
  • Bio-geographical classification of India
  • Functions of biodiversity
  • Hotspots of biodiversity
  • Bio informatics
  • Eco Regions
  • Role of Traditional Knowledge in Biodiversity
  • Biopiracy
    • Animal and Plant Diversity
  • Plant and Animal Kingdom
    • Marine Mammals
    • Egg laying Mammals
    • Marsupials
  • Threats to biodiversity
    • Causes of Biodiversity losses
    • Effects of Loss of Bio-Diversity
    • Extinction of species
    • Mass Extinction
    • IUCN Red List and Classification Scheme
  • Biodiversity Conservation
    • Scheduled Animals in the Wildlife Protection Act
    • In-situ methods of Conservation
  • Protected Area Categories
  • Forms of Protected Areas
  • Biosphere reserves
  • Sacred forests and sacred lakes
  • World Heritage sites
  • Geo-heritage sites
  • Advantages of In-situ conservation
  • Disadvantages of In-situ conservation
    • Ex-situ methods of Conservation
  • Advantages of ex-situ preservation:
  • Disadvantages of Ex-situ conservation
    • Zoological Parks
    • Botanical Gardens
    • Seed banks
  • National Parks
  • Wildlife Sanctuaries
  • Biosphere Reserves
  • Species based conservation programmes
    • Project Tiger
    • Project Elephant
    • Project Snow Leopard
    • Vulture conservation project
    • Crocodile conservation project
    • Ganges dolphin project
    • Indian Rhino Vision
    • Other projects
    • India adopts SAWEN
  • Important Coastal and marine Biodiversity Areas
  • Global initiative
    • State of Protected Areas in the World
    • MAB – Man and Biosphere Programme
    • World network of Biosphere Reserves
    • Biodiversity Hotspots
    • CBD – Convention of Biological Diversity
    • Cartegana Protocol
    • Nagoya Protocol
    • Aichi Biodiversity Diversity
  • Estuaries
    • What are estuaries?
    • Types of Estuaries
    • Importance of estuaries
    • Threats to estuaries
    • Major Estuaries in Indian coastal states
    • Monitoring and Prediction of Health of Estuarine and Coastal Waters
    • Difference between Lagoon and Estuary
    • Estuary ecosystem: Adaptations made in organisms
    • Conservation of Estuaries
  • Mangroves
    • What are mangroves?
    • Mangroves in India
    • Importance of Mangroves
    • Mangroves under threats
    • Legal and Regulatory Approaches for Protection
    • Community based mangrove regeneration
  • Coral Reef
    • About coral reefs
    • What do corals feed on?
    • Geographical Conditions
    • Types Of Coral Reefs
    • Uses of coral reefs
    • Concept of Bio-rock reefs
    • Threats to Coral reefs
    • Conservation of coral reef
  • Wetlands
    • What are wetlands?
    • Types of wetlands
    • Wetlands in India
    • Importance of wetlands
    • Threats to wetland ecosystems
    • Conservation of Wetlands
    • About Ramsar Convention ‘
    • About Asian Water bird Census
Resource Degradation & Management
  • Land Resource
  • Causes of land degradation
  • Impact of land degradation
  • Desertification
  • Sustainable Land Management
    • Forest Resource
  • Definition of forests by FSI
  • Types of Forest Cover
  • Forest Survey of India (FSI report 2017)
  • Types of Forests In India
  • Deforestation
  • Causes of Deforestation
  • Consequences of Deforestation on the Wildlife of India
  • Strategies for Reducing Deforestation
  • Government Programmes for Conservation of Forests
    • Soil Resource
  • Soil Characteristics and Soil formation process
  • Factors Responsible for Soil Formation
  • Soil Forming Processes
  • Soil Profiles and Horizons
  • Type of Soils
  • Soils in India
  • Soils in World
  • Soil Erosion
  • Problems due to excessive irrigation
  • Soil Conservation
  • Soil health card scheme
  • Organic Farming
    • Water Pollution
  • Surface Water Resource
  • Ground Water Resources
  • Sources of Water Pollution
  • Measurement of Water pollution
  • Causes of Water Pollution
  • Harmful effects of water pollution
  • Other terms associated with water pollution
    • Algal Bloom
    • Eutrophication
    • Arsenic contamination of water
    • Mercury Pollution
    • Oxygen Stratification
  • Energy Resources
    • Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
    • Tidal Energy
    • Wave energy
    • Fuel Cell
    • Microbial fuel cell
    • Biofuels
    • Biogas
    • Geothermal Energy
    • Solar Energy
    • New Energy Resources
    • Renewable Energy and Development
    • Petroleum Conservation Research Association
    • Atomic Energy Bill
    • Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Bill
    • National Electric Mobility Mission Plan        
    • National Policy on Biofuels
    • Three Stage Nuclear Power Programme
    • Solar Renewable purchase Obligation
    • Petroleum Planning & Analysis Cell
    • New Energy Policy

Energy Organisation

Environmental Pollution

  • Basics of Pollution
  • Sources of pollution
    • Effect of Modern Agriculture on Environment
    • Effect of Housing on Environment
    • Effect of Power Generation on Environment
    • Effect of River Valley Projects (Water Resource Projects) on Environment
    • Effect of Mining on Environment
    • Effect of Transportation Activities on Environment
    • Effect of Tourism on Environment
  • Classification of pollutants
  • Pollution Indicator species
    • Mining and Pollution
  • Mining and Environment
  • Sensitivity of Select Ecosystems to Mining
  • Impact of Mining
  • Indirect Impact of Mining
  • International Laws on Mining
  • Main Act or Statue to regulate the impact of
  • Indian Mining Sector
  • Sustainable Mining
    • Air Pollution
  • Causes of air pollution
  • Harmful Effects of air pollution
  • Top-ten gases in air pollution
  • Control of Air Pollution
  • Concepts related to Air pollution
    • Smog and its impact
    • Ozone depletion
    • Acid rain
    • Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM)
    • Fly Ash
    • Bharat stage Norm
    • National Air Quality Index
    • Comprehensive Environmental Pollution Index
  • Marine Pollution
    • Sources of marine pollution
    • Effects of marine pollution
    • Concept of dead zone
    • Concept of Ocean acidification
    • Oil spill
    • Trash and Other Debris in ocean
    • Microplastics and its impact
    • Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 2011               
  • Noise Pollution
    • Causes of Noise pollution
    • Noise Levels
    • Effects of Noise Pollution on human health
    • Corrective actions
  • Biological Pollution
    • Sources of biological pollution
    • Harmful effects from biological contaminants
    • Corrective actions
  • Radioactive Pollution
    • Sources of Radioactive Pollution
    • Harmful effects of Radioactive Pollution
    • Corrective actions
  • Thermal Pollution
    • Causes of Thermal Pollution
    • Effect of Thermal Pollution
    • Control of Thermal Pollution
  • Waste Management
    • Solid waste management
  • Types of Solid Waste
  • What is solid waste management?
  • Issues in solid waste management in India
  • Waste Management Practices
  • Technologies for the Generation of Energy from Waste
  • Policy on Promotion of City Compost
  • Salient features of SWM Rules, 2016
    • E-Waste Management
  • Pollutants and their health impacts
  • E-waste status in India
  • Importance of the E-waste management
  • Steps taken for combating mounting E-Waste
  • E-waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2016
    • Biomedical Waste Management
  • Hazards associated with waste management
  • Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules, 2016
    • Hazardous waste and its Characteristics
    • Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management & Trans-boundary Movement) Rules, 2016
    • Treatments Methods in Waste Management
  • Methods for sewage treatment
  • Treatments Methods for waste management

Hazardous waste treatement

Climate Change
  • Climate Change Basics
  • What is Climate Change?
  • What is Global warming?
  • Factors Affecting Climate Change
  • Causes of climate change
    • Extra-Terrestrial Sources of Climate Change
    • Terrestrial Sources of Climate Change
    • Anthropogenic sources of Climate Change
  • Urbanization and climate change
    • Pollution in metros and climate change
    • Real estate boom and environment degradation
    • Urban Heat Island
    • Polythene bags and pollution
    • Methane generation from waste
  • Impact of agriculture on climate
    • Agriculture increases Carbon Dioxide Emissions
    • Monoculture practice impacts biodiversity
    • Pollution due to use of chemical fertilizers
    • Soil-related effects
    • Fertilizer’s Effect on the Environment
    • Impact of livestock on environment
    • Impact of use of Pesticides on environment
    • Impact of GM crop on environment
    • Emission of Methane from agricultural practices
    • Sustainable Agriculture Techniques
    • What is greenhouse effect?
  • Non green House Gases and Aerosols
  • Radioactive forcing and global warming
  • Ecological footprint
  • Carbon footprint
  • Global Warming Potential (GWP)
    • Climate Change Impact
  • Impacts of the Climate Change
    • Acid Rain
    • El Nino
    • La Nina
    • Ozone Depletion
    • Ocean Acidification
  • Global Warming & Health
    • Health impacts of global warming
    • Mosquito-borne diseases
    • Ozone depletion and human health
  • Climate change mitigation
    • Carbon Sequestration
    • Carbon Sink
    • Carbon Credit

Carbon Tax

Environmental Governance
  • Acts and Policies
  • Constitutional Provisions related to environment
  • Wildlife Protection Act 1972
  • Environmental Protection Act
  • National Forest Policy
  • Biological Diversity Act 2002
  • Schedule Tribes and Other Forest
  • Dwellers Act 2006
  • Coastal Regulation Zone
  • Wetland Rules 2010
  • National Green Tribunal
  • Ozone Depleting Substance Rules
  • Environment Impact Assessment (EIA)
  • What is EIA?
  • Brief History of EIA in India
  • EIA Process in India
  • The 8 steps of the EIA process             
  • Environmental Appraisal Process
  • Drawback in EIA Process
  • Recommendations for Improvement
  • Environment Management
  • EIA in India – Sectorial Analysis
    • Mining Sector
    • Agricultural Sector
    • Industrial Sector
  • International Environmental Governance
    • UNEP
    • UNDP
    • Centre for Biological Diversity
    • WWF for Nature
    • IUCN – Red List                                      
    • Birdlife International
    • International Conventions / Protocols & their Objectives
    • Sustainable Development Goals
    • Various Indices relate to Environment
    • Climate Change Governance
  • United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm Conference)
  • United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
  • Montreal Protocol and Kigali Agreement
  • The Earth Summit: United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), Rio de Janerio, 1992
  • Global Environment Facility (GEF)
  • Rio Declaration: 1992
  • Agenda 21:1992
  • Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD)
  • United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)
  • United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC): 1992
    • Global Climate Finance Architecture
  • India and Climate Change
    • India’s Position with regards to policy on Climate Change
    • Observed Climate and Weather Changes in India
    • NAPCC
    • Indian Climate Change Assessement
    • Indian Policy Structure Relavant to GHG Emissions
  • Environment related Institutions in India
    • Pollution Control Boards
    • National Green Tribunal
    • National Board for Wildlife
    • Animal Welfare Board
    • Central Zoo Authority
    • National Biodiversity Authority
  • Environmental schemes in India
    • National Wildlife Action Plan
    • CAMPA
    • Joint Forest Management
    • Social Forestry
    • National Bamboo Mission
    • National Action Plan on Climate Change
    • National Solar Mission
    • Ganga Rejuvenation Plan
    • Benefits of River Ganga
  • Facts about Ganga River Pollution and its impacts
    • Ecomark Scheme
    • Swachch Bharat Mission
    • Swachch Bharat Kosh
    • Grants in Aid Scheme
    • National Afforestation Program
    • National River Conservation Plan
    • National Mission for Clean Ganga
    • National Air Quality Index (AQI)
    • National Action Programme to Combat  Desertification
    • Pradhan Mantri Sauchalay Yojana
    • UJALA Scheme
    • Bharat Stage Norms
    • Corporate Social Responsibility and Environment Protection
  • APPENDIX
    • National Parks
    • Tiger Reserves of India
    • Elephant Reserves in India
    • Mike Sites in India
    • Biosphere Reserves
    • Biosphere Reserves in UNESCO’s Map List
    • Ramsar Wetland Sites
    • Natural World Heritage Sites
    • List of Sacred Groves
    • Mangrove Sites in India
    • Pollution
  • Key activities and Likely Associate Air Pollutants
  • Respiratory Irritants and Toxic Chemicals
    • Recent Developments
  • Mobile Tower Radiation
  • Shrinking of Cauvery Delta
  • Use of Garbage to Construct Road
  • Moss as Pollution Monitor
  • Graded Plan for Air Pollution
  • Air Quality Index
  • Polluter Pay Principle
  • Pesticide Poisoning
  • Aerosols
  • Anti-Smog guns
  • Particulate matter
  • Nalanda Model of Water Conservation
  • Wetland Rules, 2017
  • Permaculture and Monoculture
  • Sand Mining Guidelines
  • Coastal Erosion (Parali Island)
  • Bottom Trawling to Deep Sea Fishing
  • ‘Wadi’ Model
  • Re-greening of Village Commons Project
  • Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage
  • Namami Ganga Programme                
  • River Ganga (Rejuvenation, Protection and Management) Authorities Order, 2016
  • Smart Ganga City Scheme
  • Ganga Task Force
  • Ganga, Yamuna termed ‘living persons’
  • National Capacity Building Project for Waste Management
  • NGT Bans Plastic
  • Mission Innovation
  • Tribunal – Dumping Waste in Ganga
  • Ease in Norms for Sewage Plants
  • Organic Waste to Make Green Fuel
  • New Technologies for Waste Management
  • Melting of Antarctic Iceberg
  • Melting of Gangotri Glacier
  • Carbon Capture
  • Black Carbon
  • 30thMontreal Protocol and World Ozone Day
  • El-Nino Caused Record CO2Spike
  • Glaciers in Asia to sink
  • Tropics emit more Carbon
  • Climate change impact on Natural Heritage Sites – Impact on Sunderbans
  • Marine Diversity in Antarctica under threat
  • Carbon Credit
  • 2ndKyoto Protocol
  • Green Metro System
  • Negative Emissions
  • Geo-engineering Climate Change
  • Sequestering CO2
  • Bonn Challenge
  • COP-23
  • Air Quality Index likely to be added to ‘playing condition”
  • HFCs – India to eliminate use by 2030
  • Kigali agreement
  • Carbon Neutrality Concept
  • Marrakesh Climate Change Conference
  • International Solar Alliance (ISA)
  • Kyoto Protocol (2ndCommitment 2013-20)
  • Climate Change Performance Index

POLITY

Evolution of the Constitution
  • The Company Rule (1773-1858)
  • Regulating Act, 1773
  • Amending Act, 1781
  • Pitt’s India Act, 1784
  • Amending Act of 1786
  • Charter Act, 1793
  • Charter Act, 1813
  • Charter Act, 1833
  • Charter Act, 1853
    • The Crown Rule (1858-1947)
  • Government of India Act, 1858
  • Indian Councils Act, 1861
  • Indian Councils Act, 1892
  • Indian Councils Act, 1909
  • Government of India Act, 1919
  • Simon Commission
  • Government of India Act, 1935
  • Indian Independence Act, 1947
    • Drafting and Sources of Indian Constitution)
  • Seminal Sources
  • External Sources
  • Developmental Sources
  • Constitutional Practices
  • Important Committees of the Constituent Assembly and their Chairman
Salient Features of Indian Constitution
  • Constitution and Types
  • What is a Constitution?
  • Types of Constitution
  • Functions of the Constitution
  • Historical evolution of the Constitution
  • Constituent Assembly
  • Objectives of the Constitution
  • Unitary features
  • Federal features
    • Types of Political System
  • Types of Political System
  • Types of Government
  • Parliamentary form of government
  • Features of the Presidential System
  • Features of Semi-Presidential System
    • Types of Majorities as per the Indian Constitution
  • Absolute Majority
  • Effective Majority
  • Simple Majority
  • Special Majority
    • Preamble and Values in the Constitution
  • The objectives laid down in the Preamble
  • Whether the Preamble is a partof the Constitution or not?
  • Whether Preamble can be amended or not?
    • Ideals (mentioned in the Preamble)
    • Democratic
    • Sovereign
    • Socialist
    • Secular
    • Republic
    • Justice
    • Equality
    • Liberty
    • Fraternity
    • Integrity
  • Amendment of the Constitution
  • Procedure for amendment
  • Types of Amendments
  • Amendability of FR’s
  • Ingredients of basic structure
    • Doctrine and Terms
  • Doctrine of severability
  • Validity of Re-Constitutional Laws
  • Doctrine of Eclipse
  • Doctrine of Harmonious Construction
  • Doctrine of Pith and Substance
  • Doctrine of Colorable Legislation (Article 246)
  • Doctrine of Territorial Nexus
  • Doctrine of Laches
  • Due Process of Law
  • Procedure Established by Law
    • Other Constitutional Dimensions
  • Schedules and Subjects

Official Languages

Union & Its Territory
  • ARTICLE 1-4
  • Article 1: Name and Territory of the Union
  • Committee/commission for StateRe-organisation
  • The State Reorganization Commission(SRC) 1953
  • Article 2: Admit or Establish new State
  • Article 3: Formation of new States andalternation of areas, boundaries or names of existing States
  • Article 4: Laws made under articles2 and 3 to provide for the amendment of the First and the Fourth Schedule and Supplemental.
  • Delimitation Commission
 
Citizenship
  • Constitutional Provisions
  • Constitutional provisions of citizenship
  • Citizenship Act, 1955
  • The Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2016
  • Methodology of getting citizenship
  • Modes of Losing the Citizenship of India
  • Concept of dual citizenship
  • Special privileges enjoyed bycitizens in India
  • Rights and Duties of Citizens
    • Indian Diaspora
  • Pravasi Bhartiya Divas

Non-Resident Indians

Fundamental Rights
  • Evolution Objectives And Features
  • Meaning
  • Objectives
  • Features
  • Importance
  • Restrictive limitations on fundamental rights
    • Article 12 and Article 13
  • Definition of state
  • Laws Inconsistent with Fundamental Rights
    • Right to Equality
  • Article 14: Equality before the lawor the Equal protection of Law
  • Article 15: Prohibition of Discriminationon the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth
  • Article 16: Equality of Opportunityin matters of Public Employment
  • Article 17: Abolition of Untouchability
  • Article 18: Abolition of Titles
    • Right to Freedom
  • Article 19
  • Article 20: (Protection in respectof conviction for offenses)
  • Article 21: Protection of life andpersonal liberty
  • Article 22: Protection against arrestand detention
    • Right against Exploitation
  • Article 23: Prohibition of Trafficin human beings and forced labour
  • Article 24: Prohibition of employmentof children in factories, etc
    • Right to Freedom of Religion
  • Article 25: Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation or religion
  • Article 26: Freedom to manage religious affairs
  • Article 27: Freedom from payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion.
  • Article 28: Freedom from attendance religious instruction or worship in educational institutions
    • Cultural and Educational Rights
  • Article 29: Protection of interest of Minorities
  • Article 30: Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions
    • Right to Constitutional Remedies
  • Article 32: Right to Constitutional Remedies:
    • Habeas Corpus
    • Mandamus
    • Certiorari
    • Prohibition
    • Quo Warranto
  • FR’s other Dimensions
  • Article 33
  • Article 34
  • Article 35

Article 35A

Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP)
  • Evolution, objectives, and features
  • Basic features
  • Types
  • Amendments
  • Implementation
    • Socialistic Principles
  • Article: 38
  • Article:39
  • Article: 39A
  • Article: 41
  • Article: 42
  • Article: 43
  • Article: 43-A
  • Article: 47
    • Gandhian Principles
  • Article: 40
  • Article: 43
  • Article: 46
  • Article: 47
  • Article: 48
    • Liberal-Intellectual Principles
  • Article: 44
  • Article: 45
  • Article: 48
  • Article: 48A
  • Article: 49
  • Article: 50
  • Article: 51
    • Directive Principle Outside Part IV
  • ARTICLE 335 IN PART XVI
  • ARTICLE 350-A IN PART XVII

Article 351 in Part XVII

Fundamental Duties
  • Article: 51A
  • Features
  • Relation between of Fundamental Rightsand Fundamental Duties
  • List Of Fundamental Duties
  • 86thConstitutional Amendment Act 2003 : RTE
    • Recent Developments
  • Fundamental Duties – Awareness Campaigns is the Duty of Centre
  • National Anthem – Mandatoryin Cinema Halls – Article 51(a)
  • Prevention of Insults toNational Honour Act, 1971
  • Triple Talaq Issue
  • Uniform Civil Code
  • MGNREGA: Right to Work

Making Aadhar mandatory

System of Governance
  • Centre-State Relations
  • Legislative relations (Articles) 245
  • Related to Territorial Powers
  • Related to Legislative Powers
  • Related to Parliament’s Powersto make Laws in State
  • Sarkaria Commission’s Opinionon Legislative Relations
  • Administrative Relations
  • Delegation of Union Functionsto the States
  • Sarkaria Commission’s Opinionon Administrative Relations
  • Financial relations
  • National Integration Council
    • Inter State Relation
  • Inter state water dispute
  • Inter state councils
  • Inter state trade and commerce
  • Zonal Councils
    • Special Provisoions for some States
  • Provisions for Maharastra and Gujarat, Nagaland, Assam and Manipur
  • Provisions for Jammu and Kashmir (A370) (now abrogated)
    • Types of Emergencies
  • National Emergency
  • Constitutional/State Emergency /President’s Rule

Financial Emergency

Union Executive
  • President
  • Eligibility
  • Conditions of Office
  • Term of Office
  • Election
  • Manner of Election
  • Impeachment of the President
  • Impeachment of the President
  • Vacancy in the Office of President
  • Powers of the President
    • Executive powers (Article 53)
    • Legislative Powers
    • Financial Powers
    • Ordinance Issuing Power (Article 123)
    • Judicial/Pardoning Power
    • Military
    • Diplomatic
    • Emergency Powers
  • Vice President
  • Qualification
  • Conditions of Office
  • Term of Office
  • Election
  • Removal
  • Vacancy
  • Functions of the Vice-President
    • The Prime Minister
  • Appointment
  • Eligibility
  • Powers and Functions of Prime Minister
  • Relationship between the President
    and the Prime Minister
  • Deputy Prime Minister
  • Prime Minister’s Office
    • Union Council of Minister
  • Article 74: Council of Ministers to aidand advice President
  • Article 75: Other Provisions as to Ministers
  • Article 77: Conduct of Businessof the Government of India
  • Article 78: Duties of Prime Minister
  • Nature of advice by Ministers
  • Strength of the Council
  • Appointment of a Non-legislator as a Minister
  • Collective responsibility of the Ministers
  • Individual Responsibility of Ministers
Union Legislature
  • Organisation of Parliament
  • Organisation of Parliament
  • Qualifications and Disqualifications forbeing a Member of Parliament (Article 84)
  • Functions of the Parliament
  • Functioning of the Parliament
  • Sessions of Parliament
  • Devices of Parliamentary Proceedings
  • Parliamentary Privileges and Immunities
  • Collective Privileges of the House
  • Individual Privileges
  • Houses of the Parliament
    • Parliament, Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha
  • Lok Sabha Composition
  • Rajya Sabha Composition
  • Presiding Officers of the Parliament
  • Speaker
  • Powers & Functions of the speaker
  • Deputy Speaker
  • Panel of Chairpersons of Lok Sabha
  • Speaker Pro Tem
  • Chairman of Rajya Sabha
  • Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha
  • Panel of Vice-Chairpersons of Rajya Sabha
  • Chairman and Deputy chairman of the Council of States
    • Legislative Procedure and Committees of Parliament
  • Legislative Procedure in Parliament
  • Ordinary Bill
  • Money Bill
  • Financial Bill
  • Constitution Amendment Bill
  • Lapsing of Bills
  • Annual Financial Statement: Budget (Article 112)
  • Demand of Grants
  • Appropriation Bill
  • Cut motions
  • Stages in Enactment of Budget
  • Other Grants
  • Related Information of Budget

Parliamentary committees

State Executive
  • Governor
  • Article 152: Definition
  • Article 153: Governors of States
  • Article 154: Executive power of State
    • Powers of Governor
    • Executive power
    • Legislative power
    • Financial Power
    • Judicial Power
  • Discretionary power
  • Article 155: Appointment of Governor
  • Article 156: Term of office of Governor
  • Article 157: Qualifications for Appointment as Governor
  • Article 158: Conditions of Governor’s office
  • Article 159: Oath or affirmation by the Governor
  • Article 160: Discharge of the functions of the Governor in certain contingencies
  • Article 161
  • Article 162: Extent of executive power of State
  • Recommendations on the office of Governor
  • ARC (Administrative Reforms Commission)
  • Sarkaria Commission
  • National Commission to Review the working of the Constitution
    • The Chief Minister and the CoM
  • Powers and Functions of Chief Minister
    • In Relation to Council of Ministers
    • In relation to the Governor
    • In Relation to State Legislature
    • Other Powers and Functions
  • Composition of the Council of Ministers
  • Responsibility of Ministers
  • Advocate-General for the State
State Legislature
  • Legislative Assembly
  • Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha)
  • Powers and Functions
  • Speaker & Deputy Speaker
  • Parliament’s Control over State Legislature
    • Legislative Council (Article 169)
  • Qualifications
  • Powers and Functions
Local Government
  • Panchayati Raj
  • Evolution of the Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI)
  • 73rdAmendment Act of 1992
  • Compulsory and Voluntary Provisions
    • Urban Local Government
  • 74thConstitutional Amendment Act
  • Types of Urban Governments In India
Union Territories and special Areas
  • Union Territories
  • Creation of Union Territories
  • Administration of UT’s
  • Special provisions for Delhi
  • Special Category Status
    • Schedule and Tribal Areas
  • Administration of Schedule Areas
  • Administration of Tribal areas
The Judiciary
  • The Supreme Court
  • Chief Justice of India
  • Acting Chief Justice of India
  • Appointment of Supreme Court Judges
  • Qualifications for Supreme Court Judges
  • Removal of a Supreme Court Judges
  • Process of Impeachment
  • Ad hoc and Retired Judges
  • Salaries and allowances of SupremeCourt Judges
  • Chief Justices of India (Since 1951)
  • Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court
  • Judicial Independence
  • Judiciary Executive Relations
    • The High Court Subordinate Courts & Lok Adalats
  • The High Courts
  • Jurisdiction of the High Courts
  • Subordinate Courts
  • Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008
  • Alternative dispute Resolution
  • Lok Adalat
  • All India Judicial Service
  • E-governance in Judiciary
  • Judicial Impact Assessment
  • Judges Standards and AccountabilityBill, 2010
  • National Legal Services Authority (NALSA)
Constitutional & Non Constitutional Bodies
  • Constitutional Bodies
  • Finance Commission
    • Constitution
    • Functions
  • Comptrollerand Auditor General of India
    • Comptroller and Auditor-General
  • Attorney-General of India
    • Appointment
    • Functions and Responsibilities
  • Other Constitutional Bodies
    • All India Services
    • Union Public Service Commission (UPSC)
  • State Public Service Commission (SPSC)
  • Joint State public Service Commission (JSPSC)
  • National Commission For SCs
  • National Commission For STs
  • Special Officer for Linguistic Minority
  • The Advocate General (Article 165)
    • Non Constitutional
  • Special officer for linguistic Minorities
  • Central Information Commission
  • State Information Commission
  • Lokpal and Lok Ayukta
  • National Human Rights Commission
  • State Human Right Commission

CVC (Central Vigillance Commission)

Political Dynamics
  • Political Parties and Election
  • Electoral System in India
  • Electoral Reforms Since 1988
  • Salient features of the Representation of People Act, 1950
    • Salient features of Representation of Peoples Act, 1951
    • Elections in India
    • Electoral reforms since 1988
    • Criminalization of politics
    • Negative or neutral voting
    • State funding of Election
    • Irregularities in polling
  • Types of Political Parties
  • Party System in India
  • Political Parties in India
    • Problems in the working of parties
    • Casteism and Politic
    • Strengthening of Anti-defection measures
  • Pressure Groups
    • Meaning and Techniques
    • Pressure Groups in India
    • Types of pressure groups
  • Role of pressure groupin developing countries
  • Functions of pressure groups in India
  • Pressure groups methods
  • Pressure groups and Democracy

Criticism of pressure groups

Governance
  • Governing Institutions in India
  • Structure of Ministries/departments
  • Political head
  • Secretariat organization secretary
  • Functions of the secretariat
  • Functions of attached and subordinate office
  • Other organizations
  • Public sector undertakings
  • The Executive organization
  • Advantages of the separation ofsecretariat and executive organization.
  • Strengths and weaknesses of theexisting structure
  • Recommendations for improvingthe Organizational structure
    • Audit and other Transparency initiatives
  • CVC
  • CAG
  • Lokpal
  • Lok Ayukta
    • Role of SHG, NGOs, Civil Society
  • SHGs
    • Characteristics
    • Role of SHGs in development
  • NGOs
    • Functions
    • Role of NGOs in development
  • Micro Finance Institutions
    • Salient features
    • Role of MFIs in development
  • Social Sector Bills
    • The Juvenile Justice (Care andProtection of Children) Act
    • Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2016
    • Child Labour (Prohibitionand Amendment) Bill, 2016
    • Maternity Benefit Bill, 2016
    • Pre-Conception & Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (PNDT) Act
    • Mental Health Care Bill, 2013
    • Protection of Children from Sexual Offenses (POCSO)
    • Anti Trafficking Bill with Stringent Penalty
    • HIV and AIDS (Prevention and Control)Bill- 2014 – Amendments
    • Domestic Violence Act, 2005 – SC WidensAmbit
    • Rights of Persons with DisabilitiesBill, 2014 with more Benefit
    • Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights)Bill 2016
    • The Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Amendment Act
  • Welfare Schemes
  •  
    • Health                                                       
  • National Health Mission
  • National Ayush Mission
  • Jan Aushadhi Scheme
  • Mission Indradhanush
  • NFHS-4 survey
    • Education
  • Padhe Bharat Badhe Bharat
  • Mid Day Meal Scheme
  • GIAN (Global Initiative ofAcademic Networks)
  • SWAYAM (Study Webs of Active –Learning for Young Aspiring Minds)
    • Start-up and Skill Development
  • Start Up India Scheme
  • Stand up India Scheme
  • National Student Start-up Policy
  • National Skill Development Mission
  • Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana
  • Deen Dayal Antyodaya Yojana
  • Skill Development Initiative Scheme
  • Self-Employment & Talent Utilisation (SETU)
  • Atal Innovation Mission
    • Vulnerable Sector
  • Social Security
  • Atal Pension Yojana
  • Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana
  • Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana
  • Nai Roshni Scheme
  • USTAAD Scheme (Upgrading the Skills and Training in Traditional Arts/Crafts for Development)
  • Nai Manzil Scheme
  • Women and Child Development
  • Beti Bachao Beti Padhao
  • Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana
  • Digital Gudda Guddi Board
  • Ujjawala Scheme
  • Janani Suraksha Yojana
  • Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram
  • SC/ST
  • Vanbandhu Kalyan Yojana
  • Pradhan Mantri Adarsh Gram Yojana
  • Disability
  • Accessible India Campaign (Sugamya Bharat Abhiyan)
  • Rural and Urban Development
  • Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana
  • Gram Uday Se Bharat Uday Abhiyan
  • Shyama Prasad Mukharjee Rurban Mission
  • Deendayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana
  • Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana
  • Swachch Bharat Abhiyan
  • Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana- Gramin
  • Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana – Urban
  • Housing for all by 2022
  • Smart Cities Mission
  • Hriday – National Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana
  • Amrut (Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation)
    • Inclusive growth
  • Measurement criteria
  • Government initiatives for inclusive growth
  • Basic Amenities: Housing/Drinking Waters/Sanitations
  • Sustainable Development
    • Rural Development
  • Rural development and poverty alleviation
  • Review of the existing Programmes
  • Development Administration
  • Panchayati Raj
  • Agriculture and Rural Development
    • Miscellaneous schemes
  • Digilocker
  • Bharatnet Project (National Optical Fibre Network)
  • INSPIRE (Innovation in Science Pursuit for Inspired Research)
  • SAKAAR
  • Digital India
  • Namami Gange Project (Integrated Ganga Conservation Mission Project)
  • Ganga Gram Yojana
  • Khelo India
  • PRAGATI (Pro-Active Governance and Timely Implementation)

Indian Community Welfare Fund (ICWF)

International Relations
  • India’s Foreign Policy
  • Evolution of India’s Foreign Policy
  • Post 1990 Scenario
  • Global Issues
    • South Asia
  • India – Nepal Relations
  • India and Bhutan
  • India-Afghanislam Relations
  • India-Bangladesh Relations
  • India-Maldives Relations
  • India-Sri Lanka Relations
  • India-Myanmar Relations
  • India-Pakistan Relations
  • SAARC
  • NAM (Non-Alignment Movement): Relevance
    • Central Asia
  • Mongolia
  • Kazakhastan
  • Tukmenistan
  • Uzbekistan
    • West Asia
  • India – UAE Relations      
  • India IRAN Relations
  • Israel and Palestine Relations
  • India – Israel Relations
  • India – Saudi Arabia
    • Asia – Pacific
  • Asia-Pacific Region
  • India-South East Asia Relations
  • India-Asean Cooperation
  • Indo-Japan Relations
  • Indo-Australia Relations
  • India – South Korea Relations
  • India-Vietnam
    • Africa
  • India-South Africa Relations
  • India-Nigeria Relations
  • India-Kenya Relations
  • India-Sudan Relations
    • Europe
  • India-Russia Relations
  • India-France Relations
  • India-Germany Relations
  • India-United Kingdom Relations
  • India-EU Kingdom Relations
    • US-China
  • India-USA Relations
  • India-China Relations
    • Indian Ocean Region
  • Seychelles
  • Mauritius
  • Maldives
    • Indian Diaspora
  • Indian Diaspora in West
  • Indian Diaspora in Gulf
  • Indian Diaspora in Eastand Middle East
GEOGRAPHY

General Geography

  • Universe
  • Theories of development of Universe
  • Galaxy
  • Star formation
  • Planet formation
  • Solar system
  • Moon
  • Asteroid
  • Meteor
  • Kupier belt
  • Comets
  • Dwarf planets
    • Earth Evolution
  • Geological History of Earth
  • Evolution of the Earth Layered Structure
    • Evolution of Lithosphere
    • Evolution of Atmosphere
    • Evolution of Hydrosphere
  • Latitude and Longitude including important Parallels and Meridians
  • Motions of the Earth – Rotation, Revolution and their effects
  • Inclination of the Earth’s Axis and its effects
  • Time Zones, Local and Standard Time and the International Date Line, Calendar
  • Eclipses – Solar, Lunar
  • Earth’s magnetic field
  • Earth’s Geological time scale

ORIGIN of LIFE

Geomorphology

  • Earth’s Interior
  • Interior of the Earth
    • Crust
    • Mantle
    • Core
  • Sources of Information
    • Direct
    • Indirect – Earth Quake Waves Volcanoes    
  • Theories – Suess Theory
    • Geology and Rock system
  • Minerals
  • Major Elements of the Earth’s Crust
    • Minerals – Feldspar, Quartz, Pyroxene Amphibole, Mica , Olivine
    • Physical Characteristics–Crystal Form, Cleavage Fracture, Lusture, Color, Streak
    • Transparency, Structure, Hardness, Specific Gravity
    • Metallic minerals – precious Ferrous, Non Ferrous
    • Non-metallic Minerals – Sulphur, Phosphates, Cement
  • Rocks (Aggregate of Minerals)
    • Petrology
    • Rocks & landforms
    • Rocks & Soils
    • 3 Family of Rocks
    • Igneous
    • Sedimentary
    • Metamorphic
  • Geomorphic Processes
  • Earth’s Surface
    • Exogenic Forces
    • Endogenic Forces
    • Gradation , Degradation & Agradation
  • Endogenic Forces
    • Diastrophism
    • Orogenic
    • Epierogenic
    • Earthquakes
    • Plate movements
    • Volcanism
  • Exogenic Forces
    • Denudation Processes
    • Weathering
    • Mass movements
    • Erosion Transportation & Deposition
  • Earthquakes and Volcanism
  • Earthquakes
    • Waves: P,S, Body, Surface,
    • Shadow Zone
    • Types of Earthquakes
    • Effects
    • Frequency
    • Locating an Epicentre
  • Volcanism
    • Types
  • Shield
  • Composite
  • Caldera
  • Flood Basalt
  • Mid Ocean Ridge
    • Landforms (intrusive)
  • Batholiths
  • Lacoliths
  • Lopoliths
  • Phacoliths
  • Sills
  • Dykes
    • Distribution of Continents & Oceans
  • Theories
  • Continental Drift Theory
    • Alfred Wegner
    • Pangea, Panthalasa
    • Laurasia, Gondwanaland
  • Evidence in support of Continental Drift Theory
    • Jigsaw Fit
    • Rocks of Same age across oceans
    • Tillite
    • Placer Deposits
    • Distribution of Fossils
  • Isostacy
  • Sea Floor Spreading
  • Forces of Drifting
    • Pole Fleeing Force
    • Tidal Force
  • Post Drift Studies
  • Convectional Current Theory
  • Mapping of the Ocean Floor
  • Plate Tectonics
    • Lithospheric Plates – Major Plate – Minor Plates
  • Plate Boundaries – Divergent – Convergent – Transform
  • Rates of Plate Movements
  • Force of plate movement
  • Indian Plate
    • Landforms and their evolution
  • Causes
    • Geomorphic Processes
    • Geomorphic Agents
  • Geomorphic Agent
    • Erosional or Destructional
    • Depositional or Constructional
  • Agents and their Impacts – Wind, Running Water, Ground Water, Glaciers, Waves & Currents
  • Winds
    • As agents in Hot deserts
    • Cause – Deflation Abrasion Impact
    • Erosional landforms
  • Pediments and Pediplains
  • Playas
  • Deflation Hollows and Caves
  • Mushroom , Table & Pedestal Rocks
  • Depositional Landforms
    • Barchans
    • Seif
    • Parabolic
    • Transverse
    • Longitudinal
  • Running Water
    • Erosional Landforms
  • Valleys
  • Rills
  • Gullies
  • Valleys – V Shape , Gorge (Hard Rocks), Canyon (Sedimentary)
  • Potholes & Plunge pools
  • Incised or entrenched meanders
  • River Terraces – paired & unpaired
    • Depositional Landforms
  • Alluvial Fans
  • Delta
  • Flood plains, Natural Levees, Point Bars
  • Meansders, Slip off bank, Under cut bank
  • Oxbow lake
  • Braided Channels
  • Ground Water (Karst Topography)
    • Permeable Rocks
  • Percolation
  • Bedding Plains
  • Limestone and Dolomite Regions
    • Balkans , Adjacent to Adriatic regions
  • Erosional Landforms
    • Pools – Swallow Hole, Valley Sinks (Uvalas), Sinkholes, Collapse sinks (Dolines), Lapies, Ridges, Limestone Pavements
    • Caves – Altering bed of Rocks (Shale sandstone quartzit, Caves and Tunnels
  • Depositional landforms
    • Stalactites
    • Stalagmites
    • Pillar Columns
  • Glaciers
    • Erosional Landforms
  • Cirque of Tarn Lakes
  • Hors and Serrated Regions – Arete
  • Glacial Valleys / Troughs – Fiords
    • Depositional Landforms
  • Glacial Tills
  • Moraines
  • Eskers
  • Outwash Planes
  • Drumlins
  • Waves and Currents
    • High Rocky Coasts &
      Low Sedimentary Coasts
    • Erosional Landforms
  • Cliffs
  • Terraces
  • Caves
  • Stacks
    • Depositional Landforms
  • Beaches and Dunes
  • Bars, Barriers, Spits
  • Weathering
    • Factors
  • Geological
  • Climatic
  • Topograhic
  • Vegetative
    • Major Processes
  • Chemical
  • Physical or Mechanical
  • Biological
    • Chemical – Forces Chemical Action
  • Solution
  • Carbonation
  • Hydration
  • Oxidation & Reduction
    • Physical Forces Gravitational, Expansion, Water Pressure
  • Unloading & Expansion
  • Temperature changes and Expansion
  • Freezing, Thawing, & Frost Wedging
  • Salt Weathering
  • Biological Weathering
    • Burrowing
    • Wedging
    • Plant Roots
  • Effects of Weathering
    • Exfoliation (Flakin) – Exfoliation Domes
  • Significance of Weathering
    • Soil Formation
    • Biomes and Biodiversity
    • Leaching / Enrichment
  • Mass Movements
    • Activating causes
    • Forms of movement – Heave Flow Slide
  • Landforms across the world
  • Rivers and lakes (Factual)
  • Mountain and Peaks (Factual)

Plateaus (Factual)

Oceanography
  • Hydroshpere
  • Water on the Surface of the Earth
  • Hydrological Cycle
    • Component
    • Processes
  • Submarine Relief Features
  • Oceans
  • Relief of the Ocean floor
  • Divisions of the ocean floor
    • Continental Shelf
    • Continental Slope
    • Deep sea plain
    • Oceanic deep and Trenches
  • Minor relief features
  • Mid oceanic ridges
  • Seamount
  • Submarine canyons
  • Guyouts
  • Volcanic Islands
  • Fracture Zones
  • Hotspots
  • Coral Islands
  • Atoll
    • Temperature and Salinity
  • Temperature of the Ocean Water
    • Vertical
    • Spatial
    • Factors affecting Temperature distribution
  • Latitude
  • Unequal distribution of land & Water
  • Prevailing wind
  • Ocean Currents
  • Horizontal & Vertical Distribution
    • Salinity of the Ocean Water
  • Factors affecting salinity
    • Evaporation and precipitation
    • Fresh water flow from rivers
    • Ocean currents
  • Horizontals distribution of salinity
  • Vertical Distribution of salinity
  • Density of Ocean Waters
    • Waves, Ocean Currents, Tides
  • Movements of ocean Water                
  • Factors influencing Movement
    • Temperature
    • Salinity
    • Density
  • Motion – Horizontal and Vertical Currents
  • Waves
    • Motion of waves and water molecules
    • Characteristics of wave
    • Crest and Trough
    • Height
    • Amplitude
    • Period
    • Length
    • Speed
    • Frequency
  • Tides
    • Relation between Gravitational Forces and Tides
    • Tidal currents
    • Types of Tides
  • Based on Frequency – Semi Diurnal, Diurnal, mixed
  • Based on SME position – spring and Neap Tides
    • Importance of Tides
  • Ocean Currents
    • Primary Force that initiates the movement
  • Heating of solar energy
  • Wind
  • Gravity
  • Coriolis force
    • Secondary force that influence the currents to flow
    • Types of ocean currents:
  • Surface currents & Deep water currents based on Depth
  • Cold and Warm Currents based on Temperature
    • Major Ocean currents of the World
    • Effects of Ocean Currents
  • Marine Resources
  • Underground water resource
  • Surface water resources
  • Inland water resources: Utilization of inland water resources
  • Oceanic Water Resources (Marine Resource)
  • Utilization of oceans by man
  • Water consumption patterns
  • Conservation of Water Resources
  • Techniques of Water Conservation
    • Ocean Deposits and Corals
  • Terrigenous Deposits
  • Volcanic Deposits
  • Biotic deposits
    • Neritic
    • Pelagic ( Calcereous , Siliceous )
  • Abiotic Deposits
  • Coral Reefs

Great Barrier Reef

Climatology
  • Atmosphere
  • Composition
  • Gases
  • Water Vapour
  • Dust Particles
  • Structure
  • Exosphere
  • Thermosphere
  • Mesosphere
  • Stratosphere
  • Troposphere
  • Altitude vs. Temperature
    • Inversion of Temperature
  • Temperature
  • Factors controlling Temp distribution
  • Distribution of Temp Month of January-July
  • Range of Temp Month of January-July
  • Inversion of Temperature
    • Insolation and Heat Budget
  • Solar Radiation Heat Balance Temperature Insolation
  • Aphelion and Perihelion
  • Variability of Insolation at the surface of the Earth
    • Day Season Year
    • Rotation on Axis, Angle of Inclination of sun rays, Length of the day
    • Transparency of Atmosphere, configuration of land in terms of its aspect.
  • Heat Balance
  • Heating and cooling of atmosphere
    • Conduction
    • Convection
    • Advection
  • Terrestrial Radiation
  • Heat Budget of the Planet Earth
  • Macro Budget
    • Albedo
    • Shortwave Radiation
    • Long wave Earth Radiation
  • Variation in the net Heat Budget at the Earth’s Surface
    • Winds and Pressure belts
  • Atmospheric Circulation and Weather Systems
  • Atmospheric Pressure
  • Vertical variation of pressure
  • Horizontal distribution of pressure
  • World Distribution of Sea Level Pressure
  • Factors affecting the velocity and direction of the Wind
  • Pressure Gradient Force
  • Frictional Force
  • Coriolis Force
  • Pressure and Wind (Cyclonic & Anticyclone Circulation)
  • General Circulation of the Atmosphere – Pattern of Planetary Winds
  • Latitudinal Variation of Atmospheric Heating
  • Emergence of Pressure Belts
  • Migration of Belts Following apparent Path of Sun
  • Distribution of continents & Oceans
  • Rotation of the Earth
  • Circulation
  • Simplified Global Circulation – Hadley Cell , Ferrel Cell
  • Seasonal Wind
  • Local Wind
  • Land and Sea Breezes
  • Mountain and Valley Winds
    • Air Mass, Fronts, Cyclones and Jet Stream
  • Air mass & fronts
  • Cyclones
  • Thunderstorms
  • Tornadoes
  • Monsoons
  • Fronts
    • Precipitation
  • Water in the Atmosphere
  • Water Vapour
  • Precipitation
  • Humidity – Absolute and Relative
  • Saturation – Dew Point
  • Evaporation and Condensation
  • Dew
  • Frost
  • Fog & Mist
  • Clouds
    • Types – Cirrus, Cumulus, Stratus, Nimbus
    • High – Cirrus, Cirrostratus, Cirrocumulus
    • Middle – Altostratus, Altocumulus
    • Low – Stratocumulus, Nimbostratus
  • Vertical Development – Cumulus and Cumulonimbus
  • Precipitation
  • Rainfall, Snowfall, Sleet Hail, Hailstones
  • Types of Rainfall
  • Conventional
  • Orographic
  • Cyclonic
  • World Distribution of Rainfall
    • Climatic Zones of the World
  • Koppene’s Classification Climatic Zones
  • World Climate
  • The Hot, Wet Equatorial Climate
  • The Tropical Monsoon and Tropical Marine Climates
  • The Savanna or Sudan Climate
  • The Hot Desert and Mid-Latitude Desert Climates
  • The Warm Temperate Western Margin (Mediterranean) Climate
  • The Temperate Continental (Steppe Climate)
  • The Warm Temperate Eastern Margin  (China Type Climate)
  • The Cool Temperate Western Margin (British Type Climate)
  • The Cool Temperate Continental (Siberian) Climate
  • The Cool Temperate Eastern Margin (Lauren-tian) Climate
  • The Arctic or Polar Climate
Bio-Geography
  • Soil Characteristics
  • Soil Characteristics
  • Factors Responsible for Soil Formation
  • Stages of Soil Formation
  • Soil Forming Processes
  • Soil Profiles and Horizons
  • Soil Classification
  • Soil Erosion and Conservation
    • Vegetation resources
  • Types of natural vegetation
  • Forests
  • Significance of forests
  • Economic significance, Ecological significance
  • Cultural significance
  • Factors of forest development
  • Extent of forest cover
  • Classification of forests
  • Grasslands
  • Desert vegetation
  • Tundra Vegetation
  • Economic utilization of forests
  • Deforestation
  • Deforestation in tropical forests
  • Deforestation in temperate forests
  • Rate and extent of deforestation
  • Causes and factors of deforestation: Immediate causes of deforestation
  • Indirect deforestation
  • Underlying causes of deforestation
  • Conservation of forests
  • Forest conservation strategies
  • Reforestation
  • Monoculture plantation
  • Afforestation
  • Types of forestry
  • Social forestry

Agro-forestry

Human and Economic Geography of the World
  • Demography and Census
  • Concept of human resources
  • Factors affecting the distribution of Population
    • Geographical Factors
  • Availability of water
  • Landforms
  • Climate
  • Soils
    • Economic Factors
  • Minerals
  • Urbanisation
  • Industrialisation
  • Socio-cultural factors
  • Population Growth
    •  
  • Growth of Population
  • Growth Rate of Population
  • Natural growth of Population
  • Positive Growth of Population
  • Negative Growth of Population
  • Components of Population change
    • Crude Birth Rate
    • Crude Death Rate
    • Migration – Place of Origin and Place of Destination
    • Immigration
    • Emigration
    • Push Factors and Pull Factors
  • Trends in Population Growth
  • Doubling time of world population
  • Spatial pattern of Population change
  • Impact of Population Change
  • Demographic Transition
    • Demographic Transition Theory
    • Demographic Cycle
  • Theories of population growth
    • Malthusian theory
    • Marxian theory
    • Demographic Transition Theory
    • Optimum population
    • Over-population
    • Under-population
  • Population Control Measures
  • World population distribution, Density and Growth
    • Continent-wide distribution of population
    • Pattern of population density globally
    • Population increase in the world
  • Population Composition
    •  
  • Sex composition
  • Sex Ratio
  • Natural Advantage vs Social Advantage
  • Age Structure
  • Age – sex Pyramid
  • Expanding Populations
  • Constant Population
  • Declining Popoulation
  • Literacy – literacy Rate
  • Rural Urban Composition
  • Occupational Structure
  • Religion based Composition
  • Population problems
    • Population problems of developing countries
    • Population problems of developed countries
    • Population Policies: of China, of India
  • Census 2011
    • Census Terminologies
    • Census of India important information
  • Human Development
  • Growth vs Development
  • The four pillars of Development
    • Equity
    • Sustainability
    • Productivity
    • Empowerment
  • Approaches to Human Development
  • Measuring Human Development
    • Income Approach
    • Welfare Approach
    • Basic Needs Approach
    • Capability Approach
  • Internation Comparisions of Human Development
    • Economic Activities
  • Primary Activities
    • Hunting and Gathering Pastoralism
    • Nomadic Herding
    • Commercial livestock Rearing
    • Agriculture
  • Subsistence Agriculture
  • Primitive Subsistence Agriculture
  • Intensive Subsistence Agriculture
  • Planation Agriculture
  • Extensive Commercial Grain Cultivation
  • Mixed Farming
  • Dairy Farming
  • Mediterranean Agriculture
  • Viticulture
  • Market Gardening and Horticulture – Truck Farming
  • Cooperative Farming
  • Collective Farming
    • Mining
  • Factors affecting Mining
  • Methods of Mining – Open Cast and underground mining
  • Secondary Activities
    • Manufacturing
    • Characteristics of Modern large scale Manufacturing
    • Specialisation of Skills/ methods of Production, Mechanisation  – Technological Innovation 
    • Access to market, Access to labour Supply, Access to Sources of Energy, Access to Transportaion and communication Facilities
    • Government Policy
  • Classification of Manufacturing Industries
    • Industries based on size
  • Small Scale manufacturing
  • Large Scale manufacturing
    • Industries based on Inputs/Raw Materials
  • Agro Based industries
  • Mineral Based Industries
  • Chemical based Industries
  • Forest based Raw material using industries
  • Animal Based industries
    • Industries based on Output/Product
    • Industries based on ownership
  • Tertiary, Quaternary and Quinary Activities
    • Types of Tertiary Activities
  • Retail trading
  • Trade and commerce
  • Wholesale Trading
  • Transport
  • Communication
  • Services
    • People engaged in tertiary Activities
  • Tourism
  • Medical Services
  • Quaternary Activities
  • Quinary Activities
    • Concept of Digital Divide
  • Transport and Communication
  • Transport
    • Modes of Transportation
    • Land Transport
    • Roads
    • Railways
    • Water Transport
    • Sea Routes
    • Inland Waterways
    • Air Transport
    • Pipelines
  • Communications
    • Satellite communication
    • Cyber space internet
  • International Trade
  • History of international Trade
  • Basis of International Trade
    • Difference in national resources
    • Population Factors
    • Stage of Economic Development
    • Extent of Foreign Investment
    • Transport
  • Important aspects of International Trade
    • Volume of Trade
    • Composition of Trade
    • Direction of Trade
    • Balance of Trade
  • Types of International Trade
  • Case of Free Trade
  • WTO – World Trade Organisation and Regional Trade Blocs
  • Gateways of International Trade
    • Ports
    • Industrial Ports
    • Commercial Ports
    • Comprehensive Ports
    • Inland Ports
    • Out Ports
    • Oil Ports
    • Port of call
    • Packet station
    • Entrepot Ports
    • Naval Ports
  • Settlement
  • Types and Patterns of settlements
    • Compact of Nucleated Settlements
    • Dispersed settlement
  • Rural Settlements
    • Factors affecting location of rural settlements
    • Patterns of Rural settlements
  • Urban Settlements
    • Classification of Urban Settlements
    • Factors affecting location of rural settlements
    • Functions of Urban Centre
    • Classification of Towns on the basis of Forms
    • Types of Urban Settlements
  • Town, City, Conurbation, Megalopolis, Million City
  • Issues of Urbanization in India
  • Rural Urban Migration
  • Emergence of Slums

Inclusive Cities/Smart cities

Indian Geography
  • Physiography of India
  • Geological Region
  • Location
  • Physiographic Sub-Units
    • Himalayans
    • Northern Plains
    • Peninsular Plateau
    • Thar Desert
    • Coastal Plain
    • The Islands
  • Mountain System
    • Classification of The Himalayan System
    • Regional Division of the Himalaya
  • The Peninsular – Peninsular Plateaus
  • Plains – Northern Plains of India          
  • Lakes
  • Deserts
  • Indian Coasts and Islands
    • Drainage System
  • Classification of Drainage
  • Himalayan Drainage
  • Indus river system
  • Indus drainage system
  • Ganga River System
  • Brahmaputra river system
  • Peninsular River System
  • East flowing Rivers
  • West flowing Rivers
  • Mains Rivers and their tributaries
  • Famous cities and river banks
    • Climate
  • Factors influencing the climate of India
  • Monsoon
  • Mechanism of the Monsoon
    • Classical Theory
    • Modern theory
    • Air mass theory
    • Jet stream theory
  • EL NINO and LA NINA
  • Seasonal rhythm
  • Koppen’s Climatic classification
  • Indian Droughts and Floods
    • Soils in India
  • Soil Acidity
  • Soil textures
  • Minerals of Soil
  • Soil Erosion
  • Soil Conservation
    • Natural Vegetation
  • Vegetation
  • Mangroves
  • Distribution of Forest Area
  • Forest Problems in India
    • Population
  • Size, growth rate and distribution of population
  • India in World Population
  • Demographic transition
  • Census in India
  • Ranking of States and Union
  • Territories by population: 2001 & 2011
  • Population Growth Rates
  • Population: States and UT
  • Decadal growth rate
  • National Population Policy                   
  • Density of population
  • Literacy
  • Literacy in major states
  • Literacy rate in India: 1951-2011
  • Ranking of States and UTs by 206 literacy rate: 2011
  • Gender composition of the Population
  • Trends in Sex Ratio in India
  • Child sex ratio in age group 0-6 yrs
  • Sex ratio of age 7 years and above population
  • Old Age People
  • Health Indicators
    • Settlements and Urbanization
  • Rural Settlements
  • Factors affecting settlement patterns
  • Settlement types
  • Urbanization
  • Urban Agglomeration / Cities
    • Land Resource
  • Land-use
  • Land capability classification
  • Causes of Land Degradation
  • Impact of Land Degradation
  • Steps taken by GOI
  • Sustainable Land Management
    • Mineral Resource
  • Types of minerals: Metallic minerals
  • Non-metallic mineral
  • Distribution of minerals and mining regions
  • Distribution, production and international trade of Metallic minerals: Ferrous metals: Iron ore
  • Ferro-alloys and non-ferrous
  • Manganese
  • Chromium
  • Nickel
  • Tungsten
  • Antimony
  • Copper
  • Bauxite and Aluminium
  • Zinc; Lead
  • Tin
  • Gold
  • Silver
  • Platinum
  • Mineral chemicals
  • Mica
  • Potash
  • Phosphate
  • Nitrates
  • Sulphur
  • Conservation of mineral resources
    • Energy Resources
  • Classification of energy
  • Production of conventional energy
  • General trends of energy production and consumption
  • Reserves and sources of energy
  • Coal
  • Nature and origin of coal
  • Constituents and kinds of coal
  • Coal fields and coal production
  • Byproducts of coal
  • Conservation of Coal
  • Petroleum
  • Nature and properties of petroleum
  • Origin and recovery
  • Exploration
  • Petroleum refining
  • Petroleum reserves
  • Producing areas
  • Consumption of petroleum
  • International trade
  • OPEC and its role in oil trade
  • Natural gas: Reserves and Production
  • Hydro-electricity
  • Advantages of hydro-electricity
  • Ideal conditions for generation of hydro-electricity
  • Distribution of potential hydro-power
  • Hydro-electric power generation in India
  • Atomic (nuclear) energy
  • Atomic: source minerals: Uranium
  • World distribution of Uranium
  • Production of Uranium
  • Thorium
  • Production of Atomic (Nuclear) Energy
  • Nuclear Energy
  • Alternative (non-conventional) sources of energy
  • Solar energy
  • Wind energy
  • Geothermal power
  • Tidal energy
  • Wave energy
  • Biomass energy
    • Agriculture Basic Terminologies
  • Performance of the agriculture sector
  • Types of farming in India
  • Dry zone farming
  • Organic farming
  • Cropping seasons in India
  • Cropping Pattern in India
  • Agriculture regionalization
  • Infrastructure factors: Seeds; Fertilizers; Irrigation
  • Land use pattern in India
  • Institutional Factors as land reform
  • Horticulture sector in India
  • Agricultural revolutions
  • Agricultural labours
  • Price Policy for Agriculture
  • Agricultural marketing
  • Agricultural Insurance
  • Agricultural Census
  • Major schemes in agricultural sector
  • National Policy for farmers
  • Impact of climate change on agriculture
  • What is sustainable agriculture?
  • Use of IT in agriculture
  • Agriculture Issues and Challenges
    • Recent Developments in Agriculture Field
  • NITI Aayog proposed the idea of taxation of agricultural income
  • Removing agricultural commodities from the essential commodities Act: NITI Aayog
  • Feminization of Agriculture
  • e-auction portal : e-Rakam for selling agricultural produce
  • “AGRI-UDAAN” – Food and agri-business acceleration 2.0 to bring startup revolution
  • APEDA (Agricultural and Processed Food  Products Export Development Authority Act)
  • SMAM (Sub-Mission on Agricultural Mechanization)
  • Jute-ICARE Project
  • Project CHAMAN
  • Doubling the farmers income: Ashok Dalwai Committee
  • RKVY-RAFTAAR
  • Agro Irradiation Centers
  • Agricultural Marketing and Farm Friendly Reforms Index
  • National Food Security Act
  • Digitization and Agriculture
  • Direct Benefit Transfer in Fertilizer Sector
  • Draft Regulation on Fortification of Foods
  • Law Commission Recommendation on Food Laws
  • Concept of Modern Terminal Markets
  • Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries
  • e-Pashuhaat Portal
  • Schemes of Bio-Tech Kisan and Cattle Genomics
  • RashtriyaGokul Mission
  • Mission Fingerling
  • Ornamental Fishing
  • Agricultural Science Congress
  • RubSiS
  • Ethanol Blending
  • National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources
  • Amendments to the NABARD Act, 1981
  • Revenue Insurance Scheme for Plantation Crops
  • Neem Coating of Urea
  • National Agriculture Market
    • Productivity of Crops and conditions for growth
  • Wheat
    • Conditions of growth
    • Varieties
    • Types of cultivation
    • Production pattern
    • International trade
  • Rice
    • Conditions of growth
    • Varieties
    • Methods of cultivation
    • Production pattern
    • International trade
  • Maize (Corn)
    • Conditions of growth
    • Production pattern
    • International trade
  • Barley
    • Conditions of growth
    • Production pattern
    • International trade
  • Oats
  • Rye
  • Beverages
  • Tea
    • Condition of growth
    • Production pattern
    • International trade
  • Coffee
    • Types of coffee
    • Conditions of growth
    • Production pattern
    • International trade
  • Cocoa
    • Conditions of growth
    • Production pattern
    • International trade
  • Tobacco
    • Conditions of growth
    • Production pattern
    • International trade
  • Fibre Crops
  • Cotton
    • Varieties of cotton
    • Conditions of growth
    • Production pattern
    • International trade
  • Jute
    • Conditions of growth
    • Production pattern
    • International trade
  • Substitutes of Jute: Flax, Hemp
    • Raw Silk
    • Production pattern
  • States
  • Natural Rubber
    • Other sources of rubber
    • Plantations in South-east Asia
    • Production pattern
  • Sugarcane
    • Conditions of growth
    • Production pattern
    • International trade
    • Sugarbeet—Conditions of growth
    • Production pattern
    • Sugar industry
    • Sugar consumption
    • International trade.
  • Industry
    • Industrial development
    • Iron and Steel Industry
    • Location of iron and steel industry
    • Development of iron manufacture
    • Distribution of iron and steel industry
    • Global steel production
    • International trade in Steel
    • Textile Industry
    • Cotton Textile Industry: Location of the industry
    • Recent trends in localization
    • Distribution and production of cotton textiles
    • Woollen textile industry: Location of the industry
    • Silk textile industry: Raw silk manufacture
    • Silk textile manufacturing
    • Synthetic (artificial) silk industry
    • Distribution of man-made fibre and fabrics
    • Engineering Industries
    • Machine tools and machines: Areas of production
    • Industrial machinery: Textile machinery
    • Agricultural machinery
    • Manufacturing of transport equipment
    • Automobile industry
    • Shipbuilding
    • Aircrafts Industry
    • Fertilizer industry: Nitrogen fertilizers
    • Phosphate fertilizers
    • Potash fertilizers
    • Agro-industries
    • Synthetic rubber industry
    • Pulp and paper industry: Essential conditions for pulp production
    • Production of paper and paper board
    • Newsprint
    • Cement industry
    • Distribution of cement industry
    • Recent trends: Main global competitors
    • Petroleum refining industry: Localization
    • Site selection of petroleum refineries
    • History of oil refineries
    • World pattern of oil refining
    • Petroleum products
    • Industrial Regions
    • Characteristics of industrial regions
    • Delimitation of an industrial region
    • Principal intrial regions of the world
    • Industrial regions of Anglo America—USA, Canada, Western Europe and Central Britain, Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, France, Italy, Eastern Europe, Poland, Former USSR
    • Eastern Asia—Japan, China, the ‘Dragons’, India, High tech patterns.
  • Transport
    • Importance and development of transport
    • Means of transport
    • Transport costs and economic distance
    • Operating costs in transport
    • Relative importance of means of transport: Railways, Roads, Pipeline, Oceans, Air transport
    • Profits and freight rates
    • Government’s transport policy
    • Ocean transport routes
    • Inland waterways
    • Main regions of inland waterways
    • Railways: Factors affecting the railroads
    • Distribution of railroads in the world
    • Air transport: Factors influencing air transport
    • Air transport in various continents
    • Pipeline transport
    • Petroleum (oil) pipelines
    • Gas pipelines
  • Recent Development in Transport Sector
    • Rural electrifi cation corporation: First green bond
    • Time and costs over runs of infrastructure projects
    • India’s First Mega Coastal Economic Zone (CEZ) to come up in Maharashtra
    • Logistic sector gets infrastructure status
    • AIIB approves $150 million for India infrastructure fund
    • Ro-Ro Ferry service
    • Bharatmala project for construction of 24,000 km of highway connecting Western and Eastern part
    • Union Ministry of shipping is planning
      to expand Logistics Data Bank (LDB)
    • Railways India Development Fund
    • National Infrastructure Investment Fund
    • Defence Innovation Fund
    • Flexi Fare Method in Railway
    • Rail Cadre Management
    • TRI-NETRA in Railways
    • National Rail Plan 2030
    • India’s First Caterpillar Train
    • Green corridor concept
    • Made in India ‘Medha’ train
    • Antyodaya Express
    • Smart Railway Station
    • Yatri Mitra Seva
    • National Highways Interconnectivity
    • Vehicle Fleet Modernization Programme
    • Transit Oriented Development Policy
    • Logistic Effi ciency Enhancement Programme
    • Indian Bridge Management System
    • National Road Safety Policy
    • TARANG
    • E-trans
    • DEEP (Discovery of Efficient Electricity Pric
    • GARV II APP
    • Trading of Energy Saving Certifi cates
    • Powers for all 24×7
    • Draft National Electricity Plan
    • Habitat Commitment Index
  • Recent developments in Industrial Sector
  •  
    • Disinvestment of PSUs
    • Report titled “India’s Labor Market: A New Emphasis on Gainful Employment
    • Wage code Bill in line of recommendations of 2ndNational Commission on Labor
    • CAR for the operation of Drones in India.
    • Draft Evaluation template for the star rating of Minor Minerals
    • Online database containing GIS-Enabled portal Maps land related information
    • Chennai-Bangalore Industrial Corridor
    • Apex Corridor Developmental Authority
    • Tamra Portal
    • Mining Surveillance System
    • Coal Mitra
    • M-SIPS for Electronic Sector
    • Indian Enterprise Development Service
    • Trade Receivables Discounting System
    • SME Business Environment Index
World Regional geography
  • Continents Countries and Cities
  • Continents and Important Cities of the World
  • Important Cities Situated on the Banks of Rivers
  • Changed Names of Some Cities, States, and Countries
  • Distinctive Names of Countries/Towns— Geographical Epithets
  • Regional Grouping of Countries of the World
  • Economic Classification of Countries of the World
    • Location in NEWS
  • Govardhan Eco village
  • City livability index
  • Sardar Sarovar Dam in Gujarat
  • Yethinahole Project
  • SMARTGRAM
  • Kaladan project in Myanmar
  • Doklam plateau
  • Gilgit-Ballistan
  • SCO Summit-Astana
  • Bosporus strait
  • Nathu-La
  • Lisbon
  • Mahadayi tribunal
  • Jaravas
  • Bengaluru declaration
  • SASEC road connectivity
  • Doklam
  • dams bottom trawling
  • Hambantota Port
  • World Petroleum Congress, Turkey
  • Kaleshwaram project
  • Mega food park in Kapurthala
  • Assam’s disturbed area tag
  • North Koel project
  • BIMSTEC
  • Conservation of Pagodas to Bagan
  • Bridge over Mechi River
  • Pangong Lake
  • World’s most liveable city
  • Asia Africa Corridor
  • Xiamen declaration
  • Sir Creek
  • Chakma, Majong Refugees Rohingya
  • Cleanest Iconic place Meenakshi temple
  • OBOR
  • Hambantota
  • Chahbahar Port
  • Gwadar Port
  • National Waterway – 4
  • Polavaram project
  • UNESCO creative cities network
  • Singapore Changi Naval base
  • India in Antarctica
  • Concept of Resilient Cities
  • Sericulture
  • Blizzards
  • New tectonic plate discovered
  • Report on Palaeo Channel of North West India
  • Cyclones in News
MEDIEVAL INDIA
Major Dynasties (750-1200) of Early Medieval India
  • The Pratiharas (8th to 10th Century)
  • The Palas (8th to 11th Century)
  • The Tripartite Conflict
  • The Senas (11th to 12th Century)
  • The Rajaputas
  • Pallavas
  • Chalukyas
  • Rashtrakutas
  • Indian Feudalism
  • Administration
  • Society and Culture
  • Economy and the decline of Trade
Cholas and Other South Indian Kingdoms
  • Chola Rulers and Political History
  • Chola Administration
  • Socio-Economic Life
  • Education and Literature
  • The Cheras (9thto 12th Century)
  • The Yadavas (12thto 13th Century)
  • Contact with South-East Asia

Early Muslim Invasions

  • The Arab Conquest of Sindh
  • Mahmud of Ghazni
  • Muhammad Ghori
The Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526 AD)
  • Slave Dynasty
  • Khalji Dynasty (1290-1320 AD)
  • Tughlaq Dynasty (1320-1414 AD)
  • Provincial Kingdoms and Resistance
    by Indian Chiefs
  • Sayyid Dynasty
  • Lodi Dynasty
  • Attacks by Mongolas and other Turks
  • Administration
  • Economy
  • Urbanization
  • Society and Culture
  • Scientific Knowledge and legal System
  • Challenges leading to the decline of the Sultanate
Struggle for Empire in North India (Afghans, Rajputs and Mughals)
  • Struggle between Ibrahim Lodi and Babur
  • The Battle of Panipat
  • Babur’s problems after the Battle of Panipat
  • Struggle with RanaSanga
  • Problems of the Eastern Areas and the Afghans
  • Babur’s Contribution and Significance of his Advent into India
  • Humayun and the Afghans
  • Early Activities of Humayun, and the Tussle with Bahadur Shah
  • The Gujarat Campaign
  • The Bengal Campaign, and Struggle with Sher Khan
The Establishment of the North Indian Empire
  • Social and Political Background of Bihar  and the Rise of Sher Shah to Power
  • The Sur Empire (1540-56)
  • Contributions of Sher Shah
  • Coinage
  • Architecture
Consolidation and Expansion of the Empire – Akbar
  • Conflict with the Afghans – Hemu
  • 2ndBattle of Panipat
    • Struggle with the Nobility: Bairam Khan’s Regency; Revolt of Uzbek Nobles
    • Early Expansion of the Empire (1560-76) – Malwa, Garh-Katanga, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Eastern India
    • Relations with the Rajputs – Growth of a Composite Ruling Class
    • Rebellions, and Further Expansion of the Empire in the North West
State and Government under Akbar
  • Akbar’s Concept of Suzerainty
  • Structure of Government, Central and
    Provincial -the Vikalat, the Central Ministries, Provincial
  • Government, District and Local Government
  • The Working of Government – the Ruler, Land-Revenue System, the Dahsala System, the Mansabdari System and the Army
Akbar’s Religious Views
  • Relations with the Ulama and Social Reforms
  • The Early Phase (1556-73)
  • The Second Phase (1573-80) – the Ibadat Khana
  • Debates – the Mahzar – Breach with Orthodox
  • Ulama – Re-organisation of Madadd-i-Maash Grants
  • Third or Final Phase – Din-i-Ilahi – State
  • Policies and religious toleration
The Deccan and the Mughals (Up to 1657)
  • The Deccani States up to 1595
  • Mughal Advance towards the Deccan
  • Mughal Conquest of Berar, Khandesh and Parts of Ahmadnagar
  • Rise of Malik Ambar Mughal Attempt at Consolidation (1601-27)
  • Extinction of Ahmadnagar,Acceptance of Mughal
  • Suzerainty by Bijapur and Golconda
  • Shah Jahan and the Deccan (1636-57)
  • Cultural Contribution of the Deccani States
Foreign Policy of the Mughals
  • Akbar and the Uzbeks
  • The Question of Qandahar and Relations with Iran
  • Shah Jahan’s Balkh Campaign
  • Mughal – Persian Relations – the Last Phase
India in the First Half of the Seventeenth Century
  • Jahangir’s Accession – his Early Difficulties
  • Territorial Consolidation and Expansion of the Empire – Mewar, East India and Kangra
  • NurJahan, and the NurJahan ‘Junta’ The Rebellions of Shah Jahan,
    and the coup de main of Mahabat Khan
  • Jahangir as a Ruler
  • State and Religion in the First Half of the Seventeenth Century
  • Shah Jahan – Consolidation and Expansion of the Empire
  • Evolution of the Mughal Ruling Class and the Mansabdari System
Climax and Crisis of the Mughal Empire: The Marathas and the Deccan
  • Rise of the Marathas – Early Career of Shivaji
  • Treaty of Purandar – the Agra Visit
  • Aurangzeb and the Deccani States (1658-87)
  • Marathas and the Decean (1687-1707)
  • Assessment of Aurangzeb and the Jagirdari Crisis
The Maratha and Other Indian States and Society in The 18th Century
  • The Marathas and their Policy of Expansion
  • The Marathas and Nizam-ul-Mulk
  • The Maratha Advance into Gujarat and Malwa
  • The Maratha Advance into Doab and Punjab:
  • First Phase (1741-52); Second Phase (1752-61);
  • Third Battle of Panipat
  • Shivaji (1627-1680)
  • Shivaji’s administration
  • Successors of Shivaji
  • The Peshwas (1713-1818)
  • Other Indian States ( The Bhonsles The Gaikwads Holkars Sindhias)
  • Economic Condition in 18th Century
  • Social and Cultural Life
Vijayanagar Empire
  • Sources
  • Political History
  • Administration
  • Social and Cultural Life
  • Economic Condition
  • Conflicts with the Bahmani Kingdom
Regional States in the Medieval Period
  • Regional States of North and South India (Bahmani, Bengal, Avadh, The Sikhs, Rajput States Jats Hyderabad Mysore)
  • Social and Cultural Conditions
  • Economic Conditions
  • Military Conditions
Northern India in the First Half of the Eighteenth Century
  • Bahadur Shah I, and the Beginning of the Struggle For Wizarat
  • Rajput Affairs
  • Marathas and the Deccan – Accentuation of the Party Struggle
  • Struggle for ‘New’ Wizarat: Zulfiqar Khan and Jahandar Shah (1712-13)
  • The Saiyid Brothers’ Struggle for ‘New’ Wizarat
  • The Saiyid ‘New’ Wizarat
  • The Wizarat of M. Amin Khan and Nizam-ul-Mulk
  • Rise of Regional States, Beginning of Foreign Invasions of India (1725-48)
Society-Structure and Growth
  • Rural Society
  • Towns and Town Life
  • Artisans and Master-Craftsmen
  • Women
  • Servants and Slaves
  • Standard of Living
  • The Ruling Classes – Nobility, Rural Gentry
  • The Middle Strata
  • The Commercial Classes
Economic Life-Patterns and Prospects
  • Inland Trade
  • Overseas Trade – Role of Foreign Trading
  • Companies – Position of Indian Merchants Over-land Trade
  • The Mughal State and Commerce
  • Trend of India’s Economy and Prospects during the First Half of the Eighteenth Century
MODERN INDIA
The Advent of Europeans In India
  • The Portuguese in India
  • De Almeida
  • Albuquerque
  • Causes of failure of Portuguese empire in India
  • The Dutch in India
  • The Danes in India
  • The English
  • The French
  • Anglo-French Rivalry
  • First Carnatic War
  • Rise of the Hyderahad State
  • The Second Carnatic War
  • The Third Carnatic War
  • Causes of English Succes

British Expansion in India

  • Bengal
  • Anglo Maratha Wars
  • The Subsidiary Alliance System
  • Second Phase of British
    Expansion In India                                 
  • The Conquest of Sindh
  • Anglo-Sikh Wars
  • Doctrine of Lapse
  • Annexation of Oudh

Administration before 1857

  • The Dual System
  • The Charter Acts
  • Judicial System
  • Impact of British Administration

Economic Policies of The British

  • Phase of Mercantilism (1757-1813)
  • Phase of Free Trade (1813-1858)
  • Phase of Finance Imperialism (1858 onwards)
  • Land Revenue Policy                             
  • Ryotwari                                   
  • Mahalwari
  • Permanent Settlement
    • Impact of British Policy on Indian Economy
    • Drain of Wealth Theory

Impact of British Administration

  • Industrialization—Ruin of Artisans and Handicrafts men
  • Impoverishment of Peasantry
  • Emergence of New Land Relations, Ruin of Old Zamindars
  • Stagnation and Deterioration of Agriculture
  • Commercialization of Indian Agriculture
  • Development of Modern Industry
  • Rise of Indian Bourgeoisie
  • Economic Drain
  • Famine and Poverty
  • Nationalist Critique of Colonial Economy
  • Abolition of the Dual System

The Revolt Of 1857

  • Causes of the Revolt
  • Economic Causes
  • Political Causes
  • Administrative Causes
  • Socio -Religious Causes
  • Influence of Outside Events
  • Discontent Among Sepoy’s
    • Centres and Spread of the Revolt
    • Leaders of the Revolt
    • Causes of Failure of the Revolt
    • Nature and Impact of the Revolt
    • Consequences

Administrative Changes After 1857

  • Administration – Central, Provincial, Local
  • Changes in the Army
  • Public Services
  • Princely States
  • Foreign Policy

Development of Civil Services

  • Indian Civili Services Act, 1861
  • Aitcision Comminittee on Public Services (1886)
  • Montford Reforms (1919)
  • Lee Commission (1924)
  • Government of India Act, 1935

Development of Education

  • Charter Act of 1813
  • Orientalist-Anglicism Controversy
  • Efforts of Thomson
  • Wood’s Dispatch (1854) Hunter Education Commission (1882-83)
  • Indian Universities Act, 1904
  • Government Resolution on Education Policy—1913
  • Saddler University Commission (1917-19)
  • Education Under Dyarchy
  • Hartog Committee (1929)
  • Wardha Scheme of Basic Education (1937)
  • Sergeant Plan of Education
  • Kothari Education Commission (1964-66)
  • Development of Vernacular Education
  • Development of Technical Education
  • Evaluation of British Policy on Education

Development of Press

  • Different Publications and Journals
  • Acts related to Press
  • Vernacular Press Act, 1878
    • Struggle by Early Nationalists to
      Secure Press Freedom ,
    • During and After the First World War
    • During the Second World War
    • After Independence

Socio-Religious Reforms

  • Factors causing Reforms
  • Directions of refroms
  • Hindu Reform Movements
  • Reform Movements Among Muslims
  • Sikh Reform Movement
  • Parsi Reform Movement
  • Parsi Religious Reform Association
    • Significance of Reform Movements
    • Impact of Reform Movements

Personalities

  • Raja Ram Mohan Roy
  • Swami Vivekananda
  • Swami DayanandaSaraswati
  • Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
  • Keshab Chandra Sen
  • Sri Ramakrishna Paramhamsa
  • Mahadev Govind Ranade
  • Annie Besant–Theosophical Society  
  • Syed Ahmad Khan
  • Baba Dayal Das                                     
  • Pandita Ramabai Sarojini Naidu
  • Jyotiba Phule
  • Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar

Peasant, Tribal and Other Movements

  • Tribal Movements
  • Bhil Uprising
  • Kol Uprising
  • Santhal Rebellion
  • Jaintia and Garo Rebellion
  • Rampa Rebellion
  • Munda Rebellion
  • Khonda Dora Uprisings
  • Tana Bhagat Movement
    • Peasant Movements
  • Champaran Satyagraha
  • Kheda Peasant Struggle
  • Bardoli Movement
  • Moplah Rebellion
  • Tebhaga Movement
  • Telangana Movement

Revolutionary Nationalism

  • Early Phase Indian National Congress
  • The Moderate Congress (1885-1905)
  • Opinion Against Economic Exploitation Administrative Reforms Constitutional Reforms : Weaknesses & Evaluation
  • The Extremist (1905-1920)
  • Terrorist Movements
  • The Revolutionary Movement
  • Reasons for Failure
  • Revolutionary Activities in Maharashtra
  • Revolutionary Activities in Bengal
  • Revival of Revolutionary Nationalism
  • Surya Sen
  • Revolutionary Activities Outside India
  • The Indian Independence Committee in Berlin
    • Differences between the Moderates and the Extremists

Indian National Movement – I (1905-1918)

  • Partition of Bengal (1905)
  • Swadeshi Movement
  • Muslim League, 1906
  • Surat Session of INC, 1907
  • Indian Council Act (Morley-Minto Act) 1909
  • Ghadar Party, 1913
  • Komagata Maru Incident 1914
  • The Lucknow Pact (1916)
  • Home Rule Movement (1915–1916)
  • August Declaration, 1917

Indian National Movement –II (1918-1929)

  • World War I-Reforms and Agitation
  • Champaran Satyagraha (1917)
  • Ahmadabad Mill Strike (1918)
  • Kheda Satyagraha (1918)
  • The Government of India Act, 1919
  • Rowlatt Act and Jallianwala Bagh
    Massacre (1919)
  • Khilafat Movement
  • The Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-22)
  • Bardoli Resolution
  • Nagpur Session of Congress
  • Swaraj Party and its Evaluation
  • Muddiman Committee (1924)
  • Simon Commission (1927)
  • Bardoli Satyagraha (1928)
  • Nehru Report (1928)
  • Jinnah’s Fourteen Points
  • Lahore Session, 1929

Allahabad Address (1930)

Indian National Movement – III (1930-1947)
  • Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-1931)
  • First Round Table Conference, 1930
  • Gandhi-Irwin Pact, 1931
  • Karachi session of 1931
  • Second Round Table Conference, 1931
  • Civil Disobedience Movement (Second-Phase)
  • Third Round Table Conference (17 November 1932)
  • Communal Award
  • Poona Pact, 1932
  • Government of India Act, 1935
  • World War II and Indian Nationalism
  • Resignation of Congress Ministers (1939)
  • Poona Resolution and Conditional Support to Britain (1941)
  • August Offer of 1940
  • The Individual Civil Disobedience
  • Two-Nation Theory
  • Demand for Pakistan (1942)
  • Cripps Mission (1942)
  • Quit India Movement
  • Azad Hind Fauj
  • Indian National Army
  • A. Trials
  • N. Rebellion
  • Rajagopalachari Formula, 1945
  • Desai – Liaqat Pact
  • Cabinet Mission (1946)
  • Wavell Plan
  • Jinnah’s Direct Action Resolution
  • Mountbatten Plan of June 1947
  • Indian Independence Act 1947

Governor Generals During British India

  • Governor of Bengal (Before 1773)
  • Governor Generals of Bengal (1773-1833)
  • Governor Generals of India (1832-1858)
  • Viceroy and Governor Generals of India (1858-1947)

List

  • Robert Clive (1754-1767)
  • Lord Warren Hastings (1773-1785)
  • Lord Cornwallis (1786-1793)
  • Sir John Shore (1793-1798)
  • Lord Arthur Wellesley (1798-1805)
  • Lord George Barlow (1805-1807)
  • Lord Minto-I (1807-1813)
  • Francis Rawdon Hastings (1813-1823): (Marques of Hastings)       
  • Lord Amherst (1823-28)
  • Lord William Bentinck (1828-1835)
  • Sir Charles Metcalfe (1835-1836)
  • Lord Auckland (1836-1842)
  • Lord Ellenborough (1842-1844)
  • Lord Hardinge-I (1844-1848)
  • Lord Dalhousie (1848-1856 great imperialist and colonist)
  • Lord Canning (1856-1857 and 1858-1862)
  • Lord Elgin-I (1862-1863)
  • Lord Lawrence (1864-1869)
  • Lord Mayo (1869-1872)
  • Lord Northbrook (1872-1876)
  • Lord Lytton (1876-1880)
  • Lord Rippon (1880-1884)
  • Lord Dufferin (1884-1888)
  • Lord Lansdowne (1888-1894)
  • Lord Elgin-II (1894-1999)
  • Lord Curzon (1899-1905)
  • Lord Minto-II (1905-1910)
  • Lord Hardinge-II (1910-1916)
  • Lord Chelmsford (1916-1921)
  • Lord Reading (1921-1926)
  • Lord Irwin (1926-1931)
  • Lord Willingdon (1931-1936)
  • Lord Linlithgow (1936-1944)
  • Lord Wavell (1944-1947)
  • Lord Mountbatten (1947-1948)

Constitutional Development in India

  • Regulating Act 1773
  • Pitts India Act of 1784
  • Charter Act of 1793
  • Charter Act of 1813
  • Charter Act of 1833
  • Charter Act of 1853
  • Government of India Act 1858
  • The Indian Councils Act 1861
  • Indian Councils Act 1892
  • Indian Councils Act 1909 or Morley – Minto Reforms Government of India Act 1919 or Montague – Chelmsford Reforms
  • Government of India Act 1935

Indian Independence Act, 1947

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